The Sporozoa

Plasmodium

Toxoplasma
 Plasmodium

• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium malariae
• Plasmodium ovale
 Plasmodium
Morpology Diagnosis

Life cycle Epidemiology

symptom Prevention
 Introduction
• About 130 species reported

• 4 of them found in human body 。

• The others live in animals, birds

• Cause malaria
Life Cycle
Morphology

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 Life cycle Mosq.
biting
tachysporozoite schizont merozoite
bradysporozoite
In human
Sleeping
stage hepatic cell
Small T.
sporozoite
merozoite In RBC Large
oocyst Human T.
ookinete Schizont
In gamete gametocytes
Mosquito Mosq.
zygote
biting
1. Small T. 2. Large T. 3. Immature S.

4. Mature S. 5. Male G. 6. Female G.

Difference in Small T. between P. v. and P. f.

Small Trophozoite

P. v. P. f.
Difference in Large T. between P. v. and P. f.

Large Trophozoite

P. v. P. f.
Difference in gametocytes between P. v. and P. f.
male female

P. v.

P. f.
1. Plasmodium needs 2 hosts:
2. In human,it live in:
3. In mosquito, it live in:
4. Infective stage:
5. Modes of infection:
6. Vector of malaria:
7. Sporozoites be grouped into:
Length of the Development periods
in hepatic cell in RBC
Pv 7d 48 h

Pf 6d 36-48 h
Pm 12.5 d 72 h
Po 9d 48 h
1. Incubation period
P.f. ： 7-27 d
P.v. ： 11-25 d, 6-12 m
P.m. ： 18-35 d

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2. Typical paroxysm
The process shows a succession of 3 stages ：
• The cold stage: chill, 30 –60 min
• The hot stage: fever, 3-4 h
• The sweating stage: sweating, defervescence ,

1-2 h
• Interval: no symptoms, regular length
Characteristics of malaria paroxysm
• Perform periodicity
• P.v. and P.o. malaria paroxysm take
place once every 2 days
• P.m. malaria once every 3 days
• P.f. malaria once every 36-48 hours
3. Anemia

1. Plasmodium do harm to RBC directly

2. Enlarged spleen kills much more RBC
3. Product of the protozoa inhibits
marrow’s function
4. Immunopathogenic factors
4. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly
5. Atypical paroxysm
Cerebral malaia: headache, fever,vomiting,
nausea,coma,etc
Abdominal malaria: diarrhea, fever,
abdominal pain,etc.
Diagnosis

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Epidemiology

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1. Distribution
• Malaria widely distributed in the world,
especially in tropic and sub-tropic area
• About 2 billion people in 100 countries are at
the risk of infection with malaria.
• It was estimated that about 120 million
patients were suffering with malaria, and 300
million persons were carriers. About 1 million
children died of this disease every year.
• Sources of infection ： the patients and
carriers with gametocytes in blood
• Modes of infection: by mosquito bites; by
blood transfusion
• Vector: Anopheles
• easily infected masses ： children and
immigrations
• Natural factors:
air temperature, precipitation rain fall
• Social factors:
politics, economic condition, culture,
conditions of sanitation,population flotation,
etc
 Treatment and prevention
1. Treat the patients
• Chloroquine, Piperaquine
• Primaquine
• Pyrimethamine
2. Take control of mosquito
• Eradicate the breeding place of mosquitoes
• Spray insecticides
• Use mosquito nets, screen or mosquito
repellents.
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3. Protect people from infection
Taking Pyrimethamine
Development and Application of malaria
vaccine

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Toxoplasma gondii

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 Introduction

• It has been found in man and more

than 100 species of animals
• It cause disease called taxoplasmosis
Life cycle
Morphology
 Difficulties in the life cycle

1. T. gondii needs 2 hosts ：

Final host: cat
Intermediate host: man, animals,
poultry, etc
2. Parasitizing location ：
In intermediate host ： in all the
nucleated cells 。
In final host ： in intestinal epithelium
3. Infective stage:
cyst, pseudocyst, zygote, and trophozoite.
4. Modes of infection
• Innate infection: by placenta
• Acquired infection
By ingestion of : meat, milk,eggs with cysts or
pseudocysts; water or food with zygotes
By injury in skin or mucosa
By blood transfusion or organ transplants
 Symptoms
• Innate taxoplasmosis
Abortion, premature delivery, death or
deformation to fetus, etc
• Acquired taxoplasmosis
• low fever of long term, weakness, enlarged
lymph nodi.
• If having immunodeficiency, inflammation
of the lungs, brain, heart, liver, retina and
colon, possible death
Diagnosis
Epidemiology
1. Distribution
Widely distributed in human and animals.

The results of Seroepidemiologic

investigation showed: antibody positive
rates is 25-50% in the world, and 5-20% in
China.
2. Factors for the epidemic
• Sources of infection: cat
• Modes of infection ：
By ingestion
By injury in skin or mucosa
By blood transfusion or organ transplants
• Easily infected masses ： people without
immunity against the protozoa
 Treatment and prevention
1. Manage the cats
2. Not ingestion raw meat, milk, eggs
3. Wash hands before meals
4. Pregnant women had better be away from
cats, have related body examination as rule.
5. Inspect meat on sale
 Treatment and prevention
6. Pay enough attention to the patients with
both immunodeficiency and toxoplasmosis
7. Treat the patients and carriers
Pyrimethamine
Sulfonamides
Acetylspiramycin
LIFE
CYCLE

In mosq.

In man

TS ST
BS LT
Sleeping In RBC
stage
IS

Hepatic cell MS
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Oocysts Outside the stomach wall of a mosquito

zygote

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Sporozoites in mosquito’s mouth

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Trophozoites of T. gondii

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 Cyst and Pseudocyst

Cyst Pseudocyst
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T. gondii oocyst ：

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epithelium
schizont merozoite

In tachyzoite gametocyte
cat bradyzoites
Sporozoite
oocyst

oocyst

In Sporozoite
man,
Trophozoite
mice,
cyst Pseudocyst
pig
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Deformation of infant
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Inflammation of colon

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Inflammation of retina

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