Cell Biology05032007

Medical Cell Biology
You are about to embark upon a most exciting journey, and this
course is your ticket for the first part. I'm very glade to discuss a
few things with you before you start on your own trips.
In recent years, spectacular advances have been made in our
understanding of how cells work. Since cell biology is at the core
of all life, it is one of the most active an exciting areas of current
scientific research.
We will start learning about how cells work by studying this
introductory course. Since all organisms are made of cells, we
need to understand what cells are and how they function. We also
need to understand how they develop and how they communicate
with one another to maintain the essential functions of the
organism. All of the information necessary is encoded in the DNA
Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University
Prefac
e
of each cell, and one of the major advances of recent years has
been the determination of the complete sequences of the DNA of
many species, including humans, flies and some plants. The In-
formation encoded in the DNA is expressed in cells through the
synthesis of messenger RNAs and proteins, and now we have
powerful tools to allow us to determine simultaneously the
amounts of the many thousands of messenger RNAs that are
present in each cell, and our ability to analyze the patterns of
protein expression is developing rapidly, especially though
increased application of mass spectrometry to cell biology.
While these tools have increased enormously what we can do, the
hardest jobs still lie ahead. What does each protein do to help
determine and support the functions of each of the many hundreds
of different cell types that make up complex organisms such as us ?
Prefac
e
Learning about how individual proteins function and about how
they interact in complex networks inside cells will keep us all busy
for many pore years. But the payoff is fantastic! Apart from the
beauty of knowledge of how living organisms func-tion for its own
sake, the more we know the more we can apply the information to
understanding the causes of the many diseases that continue to
plague us, leading eventually to better therapies and even to
cures for many of them.
The connection between cell biology and medicine is very tight, and
the explosion in our current understanding of cell biology is
already leading to major tools in the fights against cancer, heart
disease, infectious disease and the other ailments from which
humans suffer.
Prefac
e
So, please take this first step on your journey seriously
but with enjoyment and anticipation of all of the
wonders that will follow.
I believe an old
saying:
No pains no gains !

Chapter 1 introduction to cell biology

Chapter 2 Chemical components of
cells
Chapter 3 Biomembrane and cell
surface
Chapter 4 Intracellular
compartments and
Chapter 5 transport and
Mitochondria
chloroplasts
Chapter 6 Cytoskeleton
Chapter 7 Cell communication and

signaling
Chapter 8 Nucleus and chromosomes
Chapter 9 Cell cycle and cell division
Chapter 10 Cell differentiation
Chapter 11 Cell senescence and apoptosis
Chapter 12 Cell in immune system
Chapter 13 Cancer cells
Chapter
1
Introduction
to Cell
Biology Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University
Contents
Contents
1. 1 What is cell
biology
1. 2 The cell theory
1. 3 Cell is the basic unit
of life
1. 4 The prokaryotic cell and
eukaryotic cell
1. 5 The technology of cell
biology
1. 6 Training the scientists of
tomorrow
1.1 What is cell
biology
Cell biology is the application of
molecular biological approaches to an
understanding of life at the cellular level.
Knowledge of the molecular basis of cell
structure, cell function and cell
interactions is fundamental to an
understanding of whole organisms, since
the properties of organisms are
dependent upon the properties of their
constituent cells.
1.1 What is cell
biology
Tow main
features :
Study the molecules within cells
Cell biology is a modern science. Which is rooted in an under-
standing of the molecules within cells, and of the interactions
between cells that allow construction of multicellular organisms.
Cell biology concentrates on:

•Macromolecules and reactions, investigated by biochemists.
• The processes described by cell biologists.
• The gene control pathways identifies by molecular biologists
and geneticists.

1.1 What is cell
biology
Tow main
features :
Study the molecules within cells
Cell biology is a modern science. Which is rooted in an under-
standing of the molecules within cells, and of the interactions
between cells that allow construction of multicellular
organisms.
study the molecular similarities and differences between

cell types
Understanding the composition of cells and how cells works is
fundamental to all of the biological sciences. Appreciating the
similarities and differences between cell types is particularly
important to the fields of cell biology.

The achievements of cell biology in early

stage
1663, Robert Hooke, an English scientist, discovered cells in a
piece of cork, which he examined under his primitive microscope.
Actually, Hooke only observed cell walls because
cork cells are dead and without cytoplasmic
contents. He drew it and also coined the word “
Cell ”.
A section of cork, drawn

from the compound micro- 1665
scope by Robert Hooke.

stage
1674, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch businessman use his own
(single lens) monocular microscope and was the first person to
observe protozoa and bacteria. He looked at everything from rain
water to tears. He saw moving objects that he termed “animacules”.
The tiny creatures appeared to be swimming.
A. Van Leeuwenhoek and his light

microscope Paramecium

stage
Between 1680 and the early 1800’s. Science appeared that not
much was accomplished in the study of cell structure. This may be
due to the lack of quality lens for microscopes. Leeuwenhoek did
not record his methodology for grinding quality lenses and thus
microscopy suffered for over 100 years.
A. Van Leeuwenhoek and his light

microscope Paramecium

stage
Around 1833, in the course of his microscopic studies of the
epidermis of orchids, Robert Brown discovered the nucleus.
Brown cataloged and described over 1,700 new

species of plants. Brown was an accomplished
technician and an extraordinarily gifted
observer of microscopic phenomena.
Brown ‘s monocular
microscope is preserved
at the Linnean Society in
London.


stage
It is upon the works of Hooke, Leeuwenhoek, Oken, and Brown
that Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory around
1838, stating that the nucleated cell is the universal building
block of plant and animal tissues.
M.J. Schleiden Theodor Schwann
1857 Kölliker described mitochondria in muscle cells.


stage
1879 Walter Flemming, German biologist, was one of the

first cytologists and the first to detail how chromosomes
move during mitosis, or cell division. He developed a way
to stain chromosomes to observe them clearly.


stage
1881, Cajal and other
histologists developed
staining methods that
revealed the structure of
nerve cells and the
organization of neural tissue.
1898, Camillo Golgi first saw and described the Golgi apparatus
by staining cells with silver nitrate.
Drawing by Golgi of the

impregnated "internal
reticular apparatus" in spinal
ganglion neurons.
The achievements of cell biology
1952 ， Palade, Porter and Sjöstrand developed methods of

electron microscopy that enabled many intracellular
structures to be seen for the first time.
For example, the bilayer structure of the cell membrane,

seen for the first time in the electron microscope around
1957.
…….
1.2 The CELL
THEORY
The cell theory is the basis of molecular cell biology, and this
theory is known as one of the three indispens-able theories
upon which the science of biology is built. These theories are:
①The theory of evolution; ②The cell theory ; ③ The theory of
equilibrium thermodynamics.
The cell theory, cell doctrine, states that

all organisms are composed of similar
units of cell. The concept was formally in
1839 by Schleiden and Schwann.
M.J. Schleiden Theodor Schwann

1.2 The CELL
THEORY
Schwann summarized his observation into three

conclusions about dells:
Theodor Schwann
The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization

in living things.
The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a

building block in the construction of organisms.
Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of

crystals ( spontaneous generation).

1.2 The CELL
THEORY
For a long time, people believe
in spontaneous generation.
They believed flies came from
rotting meat and frogs from
mud. It took a hundred years...
Later, Darwin’s theory of
evolution(1859), and Mendel’s
laws of inheritance(1865) were
added in the Cell theory .
For the first 150 years, the cell theory was primarily a structural
idea. The cell doctrine reached its until The Cell in Develop-ment
and Heredity published in 1896.
1.2 The CELL
THEORY
Since the 1950’s, cell biology has focused on DNA and its infor-
mational features.
Modern tenets of cell
•theory:
All known living things are made up of cells.
• The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living things.
• All cells come from pre-existing cells by division (not by
spontaneous generation).
• Cells contain hereditary information which is passed from
cell to cell during cell division.
• All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
• All energy flow( metabolism & biochemistry) of life occurs
within cells.
1.3 Cell is the basic unit of
life
The structure of cell
Life requires a structural compartment separate from the external
environment in which macromolecules can perform unique
functions in a relatively constant internal environment.

1.3 Cell is the basic unit of
life
Three things make cell different from non-cell system
The cells differ from non-cell systems through three things:
The capacity for replication from one generation to another.

Most organisms use DNA as the hereditary material,
The presence of enzymes and other complex molecules

essential to the processes needed by living systems.
A membrane tat separates the internal chemicals from the

external chemical environment.

1.4 Prokaryotic Cells

All living things are composed of one or more cells. Cells fall
into prokaryotic and eukaryotic types.
Common features of prokaryotic cells :

All have a plasma membrane.
All have a region called the nucleoid where the DNA is

concentrated ( DNA is a single circular DNA strand and is
located within the cytoplasm ).
The cytoplasm ( the plasma membrane-enclosed region )
consists of the nucleoid, ribosomes ( the molecular protein
synthesis machines ), and a liquid portion called the cytosol.


Bacteria structure

Bacteria are the most abundant of all organisms

They are ubiquitous in soil, water, and as symbionts (to live
together ) of other organisms. Most are minute. They generally
have cell walls, like plant and fungal cells, but with a very
different composition. Many move around using flagella.
Fecal coliform bacteria are a group of bacteria

that occur in large numbers in the gut of E. coil is a common bacterium that
humans and other mammals. lives in human and animal intestines

1.5 Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells vary form animals, plants, to fungi and protests,
but they have some common features which make them different
from the prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic cells share Common
features:
Eukaryotic cells tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells.
Each of eukaryotic cells has a membrane-bounded nucleus.
Eukaryotic cells have a variety of membrane-bounded compart-
ments shape and organelles. Commpartmentalization is the key
to eukaryotic cell function
Eukaryotes have protein scaffolding called cytoskeleton, which
provides shape and structure to cells, among other functions.

1.5 Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cell Structure

1.6
Comparison
Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells
size: 1-10µm size: 1-100µm
includes bacteria and blue- four major groups: Protista,
green algae fungi, plants and animals
no true nucleus true nucleus
DNA circular and free DNA linear and in nucleus
no membrane-bound internal compartmentalization
organelles with organelles, hence division of
labour (specialization)
simple binary reproduction mitotic reproduction(and meiotic)
no development of tissues tissue and organ systems common
multicellular types rare independent unicellular organism
or part of multicellular organism
1.7 Modern Cell

Biology
Modern Cell
Biology
Essential Cell Cel l sys tem s
Biology bio log y
Molecular Biology of Cell
Medical
Medical
Cell
Cell Biology
Biology
1.7 Modern Cell

Biology
Essential Cell
Biology
Essential Cell Biology studies
the cell as an individual unit
and as a contributing part of a
organism, and studies
• the functional structures within them,
including organelles as mitochondria,
chloroplasts, the Golgi apparatus,
microsomes, and many others,
•the interactions and communication
among cells,
•and the biochemical phenomena.
1.7 Modern Cell

Biology
Molecular Biology of Cell / Molecular Cell
Biology
molecular Cell Biology might be separated into four:
Cell physiology, Systemic physiology, Biochemistry, and
Molecular biology.
And the molecular basis of genetic control in cells is one of
the most basic active areas of molecular Cell Biology .
Cell Systems
Biology
Cell Systems Biology include Molecular cytomics, Cellular
genomics, Cellular protemics, Cellular epigenomics, and In
silico cell.

1.8 The Technology of Cell

Biology
Bioinformatic RNA
s and cell interfernce
biology technology
Antisense
Functional
technique
bio-imaging
of cell
The Technology
Flow of Cell Biology Gene
Cytometry microarray
Digital and
Cell detectors
Culture technology

Summary
Cell biology is the modern biology of the cell. It concerns on the
cell which is the units of life and a complex system. Current
genomic and proteomic knowledge shapes the cell biology,
leading to the expanse of the contents of cell biology from
essential cell biology, to molecular cell biology and systemic cell
biology. The development of modern cell biology depends on the
progress of contemporary biotechnology. Cell biology is also an
integrate view of cells at work, involving essential cell biology,
molecular biology of cell and cell systems biology.
Development of techniques which can screen thousands of
genes simultaneously for their effect on the biological processes
in living cells----- cell division,signaling pathways and gene
expression, would result in major benefits to both the basic
biomedical sciences and the pharmaceutical industry.
Summary
What does cell biology concern ?
What is cell theory ? What is Modern
tenets of cell theory ?
What is Prokaryotic cells ?
What is Eukaryotic cells?
What are different between Eukaryotic cells
and Prokaryotic cells ?

Summar
y
1.The cell theory states that cells are of
universal occurrence and are the basic units
of an organism. Every cell comes from a cell.
2.Cells can be separated into two categories:
prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
3.Sugars are a primary source of chemical
energy for cells and can be incorporated into
polysaccharides for energy storage.
Summar
y
4.Fatty acids are also important for energy
storage, but their most essential function is
the formation of cell membrane.
5.Polymers consisting of amino acids
constitute the remarkably diverse and
versatile macromolecules known as proteins.
6.Nucleotides play a central part in energy
transfer and are the subunits from which the
informational macromolecules, RNA and
DNA, are made.
Molecules in
cells
Cells contain four major families of small
organic molecules
building large units
blocks of the of the cell
cell
sugars polysaccharides
fatty acid fats/lipids/membranes

amino acids proteins
nucleotides nucleic acid
Amino
Acids
Amino acid form proteins by joining together

through peptide bonds to form a peptide
chain by a process called condensation.
Polypeptide
Chain
The primary structure of a protein is
specified by the number and sequence
of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
The unique sequence is determined by
the bases in DNA. The primary
structure determines the final folded
shape.
Secondary
Structure
The two most common secondary structure
arrangements are the right-handed α -helix
and the β -sheet, which can be connected into
a larger tertiary structure (or fold) by turns
and loops of a variety of types.

Tertiary
Structure


Protein
Function
Function Examples
structural collagen in skin, keratin in hair
metabolism enzymes
signal transduction cytoplasmic kinases
defence antibodies
movement actin and myosin in muscle contraction
transport haemoglobin carries oxygen,
transferrin carries iron
communication hormones,receptors,adhesion molecules
recognition major histocompatibility complex
protein
storage ferritin stores iron in the liver
The Bases in RNA / DNA

Nucleotide
s
Ribose
or
Deoxyribos
e



Microscope and
Techniques of Cell
Research
•1590 ─ (Holland) Z.
Janssen invented the first
light microscope. He is a
merchant of spectacles

1665

1830
1746

The characteristics of light waves

can be exploited for visualization of
living cells.
The electron microscope permits

analysis of fine ultrastructural detail.


Electron
Microscope
•The first Electron Microscope was innovation
in 1933 by Ruska.

Low temperature scanning electron microscope

pollen cytoskeletons
nematode DNA
Electron Microscopy permits analysis of Fine

Ultrastructural detail of cell behavior and cell
morphology, to help human to understand them .
A Variety Of Techniques Are

Used For Studying Cells
•Tissues usually are fixed and stained
for histological examination.
•Individual proteins can be identified
in cells using selective-staining
procedures.
•Cell fractionation allows for the
purification and analysis of individual
organelles and proteins.
•Electrophoresis permits the size of

a protein to be calculated.
•Mammalian cells can be studied by

growing tissue preparations in a
culture flask.

An important technique that is used in most cell

biology laboratories is cell culture. Most cells ,
whether plant or animal, will grow in vitro if
supplied with a growth medium of composition
similar to the environment in which that particular
cell type normally flourishes. Because cultured cells
maintain many of the characteristics that they
exhibit in vivo, the ability to study cells in culture
makes it much easier to study cell phenomena.

•Pulse-Chase experiments are used

to study important biomolecules in
cells.
•Cultured cells can also be used as
systems for the study of physiologic
processes, developmental events, and
immune system activity.
•Recombinant DNA technology is

revolutionizing the study of cells.
Protista
amoeba_big euglena

Fungi
the colorful lichen

IndianPipe-fungi fungi-mushroom called
ChengBritish soldier University
Xiaoli. Zhengzhou
1.2 The CELL
THEORY
The cell theory is the basis of molecular cell biology, and this
theory is known as one of the three indispens-able theories
upon which the science of biology is built. These theories are:
①The theory of evolution; ②The cell theory ; ③ The theory of
equilibrium thermodymamics.
Cells are the functional units of life. All biochemical
processes are carried out by cells.
Groups of cells can be organized and function as
multicellular.
Cells of multicellular organisms can become specialized
in form and function to carry out subprocesses of a the
multicellular organism.

Cell Biology05032007

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Cell Biology05032007

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Medical Cell Biology

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

Chapter 1 introduction to cell biology

Chapter 7 Cell communication and

Cell biology concentrates on:

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

study the molecular similarities and differences between

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

The achievements of cell biology in early

A section of cork, drawn

The achievements of cell biology in early

A. Van Leeuwenhoek and his light

The achievements of cell biology in early

A. Van Leeuwenhoek and his light

The achievements of cell biology in early

Brown cataloged and described over 1,700 new

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

The achievements of cell biology in early

M.J. Schleiden Theodor Schwann

1857 Kölliker described mitochondria in muscle cells.

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

The achievements of cell biology in early

1879 Walter Flemming, German biologist, was one of the

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

The achievements of cell biology in early

Drawing by Golgi of the

The achievements of cell biology

1952 ， Palade, Porter and Sjöstrand developed methods of

For example, the bilayer structure of the cell membrane,

The cell theory, cell doctrine, states that

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

Schwann summarized his observation into three

The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization

The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a

Cells form by free-cell formation, similar to the formation of

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

The cells differ from non-cell systems through three things:

The capacity for replication from one generation to another.

The presence of enzymes and other complex molecules

A membrane tat separates the internal chemicals from the

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

1.4 Prokaryotic Cells

Common features of prokaryotic cells :

All have a region called the nucleoid where the DNA is

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

1.4 Prokaryotic Cells

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

1.4 Prokaryotic Cells

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

1.4 Prokaryotic Cells

Bacteria are the most abundant of all organisms

Fecal coliform bacteria are a group of bacteria

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

1.5 Eukaryotic Cells

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University

1.5 Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic Cell Structure

1.7 Modern Cell

1.7 Modern Cell

1.7 Modern Cell

Cheng Xiaoli. Zhengzhou University