Mechanical Properties

Mechanical Properties:
(Forces ~ deformation)
Strength 
Ductility 
Impact
Creep 
Fatigue 
Wear
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Definition of Stress:
Tensile stress:
F
 
A0
Where F: force, normal to
the cross-
sectional area,
A0: original cross-
sectional area
2
Shear Stress
Fs

A0
Fs: force, parallel to the cross-
sectional area
A0: the cross-sectional area

Force N
unit of stress:  2
area m
1Pa = 1 Nm-2; 1MPa = 106Pa; 1GPa=109Pa
3
Some examples of stress:
 Simple tension:  (+)
 Simple compression:  (-)
 Biaxial tension: 
 Hydrostatic pressure: p
 Pure shear stress: 

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Definition of strain
Nominal tensile strain (Axial
strain)
l  l0 l
 
l0 l0

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Engineering shear strain
  tan 
For small strain:

 

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Dilatation (Volume strain)
Under pressure: the
p
volume will
change
p p
V-V
V

V
p

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Hooke’s Law
When strains are small, most of materials are
linear elastic. Young’s modulus 
Tensile: 
Shear modulus
Shear: =G E

Hydrostatic: – p = 
Bulk modulus

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Elastic Behavior of materials

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Modulus of Elasticity - Metals

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Modulus of Elasticity - Ceramics

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Modulus of Elasticity - Polymers

Elastic Modulus
Polymers
(GPa)
Polyethylene (PE) 0.2-0.7

Polystyrene (PS) 3-3.4

Nylon 2-4

Polyesters 1-5

Rubbers 0.01-0.1
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Example: NaCl
By considering both attractive and repulsive
force, =0.58
Charge on electron q=1.60210-19C
Permittivity of vacuum: 0=8.854 10-12Fm-1
r02.5 10-10 m
0.58  (1.602  1019 ) 2 1
S0   8 . 54 Nm
4  8.854  1012  ( 2.5  1010 )3
S0 8.54
E  10
 34.16GPa
r0 2.5  10 13
Tension and Compression Test

Standard tensile specimen

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Tension and Compression Test

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Elastic Stress-Strain Curves

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Nonlinear Elastic - Curve

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Plastic Deformation

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Yielding and Yield Strength
 Yielding point: the turning point which separate
the elastic and plastic regions
 Yield strength: the stress at the yielding point.
 Offset yielding (proof stress): if it is difficult to
determine the yielding point, then draw a parallel
line starting from the 0.2% strain, the cross point
between the parallel line and the  curve

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Tensile Strength

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Ductility

Measurement of ductility:
Percent elongation
Percent reduction in area

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Ductility – percent elongation
 l f  l0 
% EL     100
 l0 
Where lf: fracture length
l0: the original gauge length

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Ductility –
percent reduction in area
 A0  A f 
% RA    100
 A0 

Where Af: cross-sectional area at the point of

fracture
A0: the original cross-sectional area

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Typical mechanical properties for
some metals and alloys

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Temperature influences on
mechanical properties of Iron

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Resilience
Resilience is the capacity of a material to
absorb energy when it is deformed
elastically and then, upon unloading, to
have this energy recovered.
Modulus of resilience Ur

y
U r    d
0

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Modulus of Resilience

If it is in a linear elastic region,

2
1 1  y   y
U r   y y   y   
2 2  E  2E

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Toughness
Energy absorbed due to fracture – fracture
toughness

f
U    d
0

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True Stress and Strain
 True Stress F
T 
A
Where A is instantaneous cross-sectional area

 True Strain
l
 T  ln  ln 1   
l0
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True Stress and Strain
If no volume change during deformation:
A0l0=Al
Then

 T   1   
 T  ln1   

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True Stress-Strain Curve

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True Stress and Strain

 T  K T
n

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Hardness
F
H
indented area

Hardness: a measure of a material’s

resistance to localized plastic deformation

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Hardness

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Hardness Tests
 Simple and inexpensive
 Nondestructive
 Other mechanical properties often may be
estimated from hardness data, such as
tensile strength

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Hardness Tests
 Rockwell Hardness Tests (HR): Diamond
cones or steel spheres
 Brinell Hardness Tests (HB): 10 mm sphere
of steel or tungsten carbide
 Knoop Microhardness Tests (HK):
Diamond pyramid
 Vickers Microhardness Tests (HV)

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Hardness Tests

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Rockwell Hardness Tests

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Correlation between Hardness
and Tensile Strength
TS (MPa) = 3.45HB
TS (psi) = 500HB

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3-point Bending tests

3F f L
 fs  2
2bd
Ff L
 fs 
R 3

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Stress-Strain Behavior of
Ceramics – Flexure Tests

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Stress-Strain Behavior of
Polymers

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Temperature influence

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Macroscopic Deformation

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