Industrial

Filtration
~Group V~
Leader:
Ricafrente, Ma. Feberlie
Asst. Leader:
Plaza, Lorie Ann
Secretary:
Villegas, Laery Rose
Treasurer:
Arevalo, Arwin
Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Definition

2. Methods of Filtration
2.1. Gas Filtration
2.1.1. Granular-bed
2.1.2. Bag Filter
2.1.3. Air Filter

By: Lorie Ann Plaza
2.2 Liquid Filtration
2.2.1. Cake Filters
2.2.1.1. Pressure Filter
2.2.1.2. Vacuum Filter
2.2.1.3. Centrifugal Filters
2.2.2. Clarifying Filters
3. Classification of Filtration
3.1. By driving force
3.2. By Filtration Mechanism
3.3. By Function
3.4. By Operating cycle
3.5. By nature of solid
By: Laery Rose Villegas
4. Filter Media

5. Filter Aid

6. Filtration Equipment
6.1. Gas Filter
6.1.1. Gravity filters
6.1.2. Sand filters
By: Arwin Arevallo
6.2 Pressure Filter
6.2.1. Filter Press
6.2.2. Plate and Frame Filter Press
6.2.3. Horizontal Tank-Rotating Leaf
Filter
6.2.4. Horizontal Pressure Filter
6.2.5. Tube or Candle Filter
6.2.6. Vertical Tank or Vertical Leaf
Filter
By: Ma. Feberlie M. Ricafrente
6.3 Vacuum Filter
6.3.1 Filter Drum
6.3.2 Rotary Drum Pre-coat Filter
6.3.3 Horizontal Belt Filter
6.3.4 Disc Filter
By: Laery Rose Villegas

7. Industries with Filtration System

8. Future Trends: Memcor CP Membrane
Water Filter by Siemens
Introduction
What is Filtration?
Filtration is a unit operation in
which a heterogeneous
mixture with particles of solid
are separated by a filter
medium known as septum.
The septum permits the flow
of the fluid but retains the
solid particles.
Methods Of Filtration
1. Gas Filtration
2. Liquid Filtration

Methods of
Filtration
Gas Filtration
Types of Gas Filtration
Granular Bed
Filter
Bag Filter
Air Filter
Granular Bed Filter
Separators consist of
beds of sand, carbon, or
other particles which will
trap the solid in a gas
suspension that is passed
through the bed.

Bag Filter
-are bags of woven
fabric, felt, or paper
through which the gas
is forced ; the solids
are deposited on the
wall of the bag.

Air Filter
-are light web of fibers,
often coated with a
viscous liquid, through
an air containing a low
concentrations of dust
particles.


Liquid Filtration
Liquid filtration occurs when a
suspension of a solid in a liquid passes
through a filter. That process takes
place when the liquid is pulled through
the filter by gravitational force or is
forced through the filter by some
applied pressure or by a pressure
differential supplied by the existence of
a vacuum.
2 Major Classes of Liquid Filters
Cake Filter
Clarifying
Filter
Cake Filter
A cake filter is formed by the substances that are
retained in or on a filter (depending on whether a
depth or a surface filter is used). The filter cake
grows in the course of filtration, becomes
"thicker" as particulate matter is being retained.
With increasing layer thickness the flow resistance
of the filter cake increases. After a certain time of
use the filter cake has to be removed from the
filter, e.g. by backflushing. If this is not
accomplished, the filtration is disrupted because
the flow resistance of the filter cake gets too high,
thus too little of the mixture to be filtered can pass
the filter cake and the filter plugs.

Classes of Cake
Filter
Pressure Filter
Vacuum Filter
Centrifugal Filter
Pressure Filter
Are semi-continuous type
machines that enter a wash
and cake discharge mode at
the end of the filtration cycle.
Super atmospheric pressure,
or higher.
Types of Pressure Filter
Filter Press
Plate and Frame Filter Press
Horizontal Pressure Filter
Leaf Filter
Vertical
horizontal
Tube or Candle Filter

Horizontal Tank Rotating Leaf Automatic Jet Spray Cleaning Filter
Vertical Tank Vertical Leaf Filter
Vacuum Filter
Vacuum filtration is used primarily
to collect a desired solid, for
instance, the collection of crystals
in a recrystallization procedure
Are those which operate with less
than atmospheric pressure on the
downstream side of the filter
septum


Types of Vacuum Filter
Filter Drum
Rotary Drum Pre-coat Filter
Top-Feed Filter
Disc Filter
Horizontal Belt Filter
Table Filter

Filter Drum
Rotary Drum Pre-coat Filter
Top-
Feed
Filter
Horizontal Belt Filter
Table Filters
Centrifugal Filter
Centrifugal force
causes the filtrate to
flow through the
cake and filter
medium.

Clarifying Filter
Is a pressure filter that employ a very
fine filter medium, the pores of which
are sufficiently small to prevent
passage of particles of the size that
must be removed.
The process by which unwanted solid
materials are removed from a
suspension in order to produce a very
clear liquid.

Classification of Filtration
By Driving Force
By Filtration Mechanism
By Objective
By Operating Cycle
By Nature of Solids

By Filtration Mechanism
Two models are generally considered and
are the basis for the application of theory to
the filtration process.
When the solids are stopped at the surface of
the filter medium and pile upon one another
to form a cake of increasing thickness, the
separation is called cake filtration.
When solids are trapped within the pores or
body of the medium , it is termed depth,
filter-medium, or clarifying filtration.
By Objective
The process goal of filtration may be
dry solids (the cake is the product of
value), clarified liquid (the filtrate is the
product of value), or both. The former is
achieved only in cake filtration, but
clarification is accomplished in both
filter-medium and cake operations.

By Operating Cycle
Filtration may be intermittent
(batch) or continuous. Batch
filters may be operated with
constant-pressure driving force,
at constant rate, or in cycles
that are variable with respect to
both pressure and rate.

By Nature of Solids
Thus filters usually are divided
first into the two groups of
either cake or clarifying
equipment, then into groups of
machines using the same kind
of driving force, then further into
batch and continuous classes.

Filter Media
Filter Media
a solid sieve which traps the solid
particles, with or without the aid of filter
paper
a bed of granular material which retains
the solid particles as it passes
RESIDUE

FILTER
PAPER
Filter Media
a solid sieve which traps the solid
particles, with or without the aid of filter
paper
a bed of granular material which retains
the solid particles as it passes
RESIDUE SAND GRAVELS
Factors on Selecting a Filter Media
Acceptable resistance to mechanical wear
Good removal competence
Resistance to chemical attack.
Sufficient strength to support the filtering
pressure.
Ability to discharge cake easily and cleanly.
Minimum cost.
Ability to plug slowly
Types of Material of Filter Media
Fabrics of Woven Fibers
Metal Fabrics or Screens
Pressed Felts and Cotton Batting
Filter Paper
Rigid Porous Media
Polymer Membranes
Granular Beds of Particulate Solids
Fabrics of Woven Fibers
For cake filtration these fabrics are
the most common type of medium.

Metal Fabrics or Screens
These are available in several types
of weaves in nickel, copper, brass,
bronze, aluminum, steel, stainless
steel, and other alloys.
Pressed Felts and Cotton Batting
These materials are used to filtrate
gelatinous particles from paints,
spinning solutions, and other viscous
liquids.
Filter Paper
These papers come in a wide range
of permeability, thickness, and
strength. As a class of material, they
have low strength, however, and
require a perforated backup plate for
support.
Rigid Porous Media
These are available in sheets or
plates and tubes. Materials used
include sintered stainless steel and
other metals, graphite, aluminum
oxide, silica, porcelain, and some
plastics
Polymer Membranes
These are used in filtration
applications for fine-particle
separations such as microfiltration
and ultrafiltration
Granular Beds of Particulate Solids
Beds of solids like sand or coal are
used as a filter media to clarify water
or chemical solutions containing small
quantities of suspended particles.
Filter Aid
Filter Aids
Use of filter aids is a technique
frequently applied for filtrations in
which problems of slow filtration.
Filter Aid are used in two ways:
The first is as a precoat to protect the
filter media and guard the escape of
small particles into the filtrate.
The second is filter aid is mixed with the
prefilt slurry to trap the difficultly
filterable particles in a permeable cake
Diatomaceous Silica
This have a dry bulk density of 128 to 320 kg/m (8
to 20 lbs/ft)
Contain particle mostly smaller than 50m
Produce a cake with porosity in the range of 0.9
(volume of voids/total filter-cake volume)
The high porosity (compared with a porosity of
0.38 for randomly packed uniform spheres and 0.2
to 0.3 for a typical cake) is indicative of its filter-aid
ability.
Different methods of processing the crude
diatomite result in a series of filter aids having a
wide range of permeability.
Perlite
Perlite filter aids are somewhat lower in bulk
density (48 to 96 kg/m, or 3 to 6 lb/ft) than
diatomaceous silica and contain a higher fraction
of particles in the 50- to 150-m range.
It is also available in a number of grades of
differing permeability and cost ,
the grades being roughly comparable to those of
diatomaceous silica.
Diatomaceous silica will withstand slightly more
extreme pH levels than perlite, and it is said to be
somewhat less compressible.
Industrial Applications
Water and Sewage Treatment
Oil Industry
Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
Food and Drink
Precious Metals
Papermaking

Filtration
Equipment
Pressure Filter
Filter Press
Plate and Frame Filter Press
Horizontal Pressure Filter
Leaf Filter
-vertical vessel
-horizontal vessel
Tube or Candle Filter
ADVANTAGES:

Cakes are obtained
with very low moisture
content.
Pressure Filters are
available in a wide level
of automation from
labor intensive operator
controlled up to fully
automatic machines.

Solutions may be
polished to a high
degree of clarity.

DISADVANTAGES:

Cloth washing is difficult if it
is 3mm thick.
The operator can hardly see
the forming cake and is
unable to carry out an
inspection while the filter is
in operation.
The internals are difficult to
clean and this may be a
problem with food grade
applications.

Filter Press
Filterpresses
introduced in 1960s
mainly for dewatering waste sludges.
labor intensive machines
not accepted in highly automated process industries.
The Filterpress design
consists of a head and follower that contain in between a
pack of vertical rectangular plates.

The present day Filterpresses, , are equipped with by
PLC's


The main features of Filter
Press are:

Shuttle shifters that separate the
plates one by one for cake discharge at
a rate of 5-6 seconds per plate..
Shakers that subject the plate to
vibrations and assist in discharging the
cake.
Cloth showers with movable manifolds
and high impact jets for intensive cloth
washing.


Special Features of Plates:
Lower plate weight has reduced the
downtime for shuttle shifting during the
cake discharge mode.
Effective filtration area has gone up
since with the largest available plates .
Typical membrane plates are shown in
the photo.

Plate and Frame Filtration
Plate and frame filter presses are dewatering
machines which utilize pressure (60-80 psi,
typically) to remove the liquid from a liquid-solid
slurry.
They are particularly suited for low solids or
solids composed of fines.
Large plate and frame filter presses have
mechanical "plate shifters", to move the plates,
allowing the rapid discharge of the solids stuck in
between them.
have the capability of blowing compressed air
into the plate, to dry the cake, and to aid in it's
discharge

CGR PLATE RUBBER MEMBRANE PLATE


CHAMBER PLATE PLATE AND FRAME PLATE
Horizontal Plate Pressure Filter
Horizontal Plate Pressure Filters were commonly
applied to the fine chemical process industries such
as antibiotics , pesticides or pigment to obtain a high
product clarity.
Lately, they are used in heavier industries such as
fertilizers or precious metals when the product is the
cake and efficient washing and low moistures are
required.
they are very well suited for handling flammable,
toxic and corrosive materials since they are
autoclaved and designed for hazardous
environments when high pressure and safe operation
are required
The filter structure consists of a stack of plates
attached to a hollow shaft which are mounted inside
a pressure vessel with each plate covered with a
suitable filter medium

Each circular plate in the
stack is constructed with
radial ribs that are welded to
the bottom and support a
horizontal coarse mesh
screen which is covered with
a finer woven metal screen
or filter cloth to retain the
cake.


There are several applications,
mainly in the pharmaceutical
and paint industries, where
special disposable filter paper is
used to cover the plates on
both sides so the filtration area
is doubled.


The vessels of Horizontal Plate Filters are,
as opposed to Vertical Leaf Filter , always
constructed vertically to accommodate the
plates stack.
Two options for bottom design:
A conical bottom.
A dished bottom.
The selection depends largely on the cake
discharge arrangement as discussed later.
The vessels at their bottoms are fitted with
highly secured cake discharge openings to
ensure safe sealing of the tank under
pressure.
Advantages
Simpler removal of
plate stacks
Plates with the
screens mounted on
the topside, as
opposed to two sided
plates, provide good
support for the
forming cake and
therefore are always
used on applications
with thick and heavy
cakes.

Disadvantages
High headroom is
required for
dismantling the entire
plate stack.
The bearing of top
and bottom driven
filters is complex
Vertical Pressure Leaf Filters
Vertical Pressure Leaf Filters are quite similar to the
Horizontal Plate Filters except for the orientation of
the filter elements which are vertical rather than
horizontal.
applied for the polishing slurries with very low solids
content of 1-5% or for cake filtration with a solids
concentration of 20-25%.
Also suited for handling flammable, toxic and
corrosive materials since they are autoclaved and
designed for hazardous environments when high
pressure and safe operation are required.
The largest Leaf Filters in horizontal vessels have a
filtration area of 300 m2 and vertical vessels 100 m2
both designed for an operating pressure of 6 bar

There are two types of vessel
configuration:
Vertical vessels
Horizontal vessels

Advantages of the Vertical Leaf Filter:
when compared to the Horizontal Plate Filter
is when cakes depart easily from the filtering
medium. In such cases it is not necessary to
incorporate means to assist discharge since
gravity will release the cake and let it drop
towards the discharge opening. For such
cakes that do not discharge readily a special
mechanism that vibrates the entire stack is
incorporated and this will in most instances
release the cake.


Advantages
The cloth or woven
mesh screens that
cover the leaves of
horizontal tanks may be
accessed easily once
the stack is pulled out
of the vessel.
Mechanically simple
since there are no
complex sealing glands
or bearings.

Disadvantages
High headroom is
required for dismantling
the leaves on vertical
vessels.
Large floor space is
required for discharging
the cake on horizontal
vessels.
The emptying of the
vessel in between cake
filtration, washing and
drying requires close
monitoring of the
pressure inside the
vessel to ensure that
the cake holds on to the
candles.
Candle filter
Candle Filters are, as all pressure filters, operating
on a batch cycle and may be seen in process lines
handling titanium dioxide, flue gas, brine clarification,
red mud, china clay, fine chemicals and many other
applications that require efficient low moisture cake
filtration or high degree of polishing.
Candle Filters are also used for thickening to
produce a concentrated flowable slurry by partial
removal of the liquid phase as filtrate.
Candle Filters may operate on very short cycle times
taking advantage of the high filtration rates whilst the
cakes are still thin.
One of the features of Candle Filters when used for
thickening is their clear filtrate since gravity
Thickeners, in analogy, produce overflows which
always contain a certain amount of fine suspended
solids
The Candle Filter consists of three
major components:
The vessel
The filtering elements
The cake discharge mechanism
All these components may be
constructed from exotic materials of
construction and heated to meet
the process requirements

There are two types of vessel
configuration:
Vessels with conical bottom for
cake filtration and polishing.
Vessels with dished bottom for
slurry thickening.


Advantages
Excellent cake
discharge.
Adapts readily to
slurry thickening.
Minimum floor
space.
Mechanically
simple since
there are no
complex sealing
glands or
bearings.

Disadvantages
High headroom is
required for
dismantling the
filtering elements.
The emptying of the
vessel in between
cake filtration,
washing and drying
requires close
monitoring of the
pressure inside the
vessel to ensure
that the cake holds
on to the candles.

Vacuum Filter
Vacuum filtration is used primarily
to collect a desired solid, for
instance, the collection of crystals
in a recrystallization procedure
Are those which operate with less
than atmospheric pressure on the
downstream side of the filter
septum


Vacuum Filter
Filter Drum
Rotary Drum Pre-Coat
Filter
Horizontal Belt Filter
Table Filter

Procedure for Vacuum Filtration
Assemble the apparatus
Wet the paper with a small
amount of the solvent to be
used in the filtration. Turn on
the vacuum source.
Filter the solution
Rinse the solids.

Assemble the Apparatus
Wet the paper with a small
amount of the solvent to be
used in the filtration. Turn on
the vacuum source
Filter the solution
Rinse the solids
Filter Drum
Basically cylindrical in shape
designed to carry the filter medium
which is attached to its surface.
The inner surface is divided into
rows of cells to which a vacuum
can be applied or shut off in
sequence as the drum rotates.
The drums are two types:
deep cell and pipe
Discharged Modes
Scraper Knife
String Discharge
Belt Discharge
Doctor Roll
Pre-Coat with Shave-Off
Knife


Rotary Drum Pre-Coat Filter
The Rotary Drum Pre-coat Filter is
used to polish solutions having
traces of contaminating insoluble.
To polish the solution the drum
deck is pre-coated with a medium
of a known permeability and
particle size that retains the fines
and produces a clear filtrate.
Materials Used to Form the
Precoat Bed
Diatomaceous Earth
Perlite
Cellulose
Special Ground Bed
Operational Sequence
Precoating
Polishing
Horizontal Belt Filter
Horizontal Belt Filters are, in broad
terms, the most commonly used
vacuum filters in the industry due to
their:
flexibility of operation
adaptation to corrosive slurries
suitability to handle large
throughputs
Subassemblies
Belt
Filter Cloth
Vacuum Box and Wear Belts
Vacuum Box Lowering Mechanism
Feed and Wash Boxes
Cake Discharge End
Belt Supporting Deck
Filtrate Manifold
Cloth Tracking Mechanism
Operational Sequence
Cloudy port recycle or sedimentation pool
Cake formation
Cake pre-drying
First wash
First pre-drying
Second wash
Second predrying
Third wash
Final drying


Table Filter
The Table Filters belong to the top feed
group, introduced in the early 40's and were
rather small and of a simple design.
Their main limitation was at the discharge
zone since the cake was contained in a fixed
rim and special sealing arrangements had to
be provided in order to avoid the spillage of
brine at the table's circumference.


Industrial Applications
Water and Sewage Treatment
Oil Industry
Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
Food and Drink
Precious Metals
Papermaking

Future
Trends
~End~