SOSC4 - Lesson 2

The Land and the People
SOSC4
Lesson 2
Topics
The People
Geography and Climate
Origin of the People
THE PEOPLE
SOSC4
Laguna Copperplate Inscription
When and where was the Laguna Copperplate
Inscription (LCI) discovered?
The LCI was discovered on 1989 buried at a
riverbank in Laguna Province.
In Common Era when was the LCI document
promulgated?
The LCI document was drawn up in 900 C.E.
The LCI and other S.E.A. Languages
True or False. The LCI document uses the
Baybayin script.
False
Which script was it more familiar with?
It bears remarkable similarities to the Kawi script of
Indonesia
The LCI document contains several South East
Asian languages. What are those languages?
The document contains old Javanese, old Malay, old
Tagalog words
The LCI and other S.E.A. Languages
Kawi script of Indonesia
The LCI and Baybayin
What was the native script used by pre-
colonial Filipinos when the Spanish came?
The native script was Baybayin
Which Philippine tribe is still using a form of
Baybayin script?
The Hanunoo Mangyan of Mindoro is still using a
variation of Baybayin to inscribe on bamboo a
form of its poetry.

Baybayin Script Coke/Pepsi in Baybayin
Slavery in the Barangay Life
What are the reasons why a person might
become a slave in the pre-colonial
Philippines?
The basis for slavery were indebtedness,
becoming a prisoner of war and as punishment for
crimes

Filipino People
Visayans
Ilonggos live in Western Negros, Southern Mindoro and in
Panay Island
Cebuanos predominate in Cebu, Western Leyte, Bohol,
Eastern Negros and some coastal areas of Mindanao
Tagalogs
Most Tagalogs live in Manila, Central Luzon and Southern
Luzon
Ilocanos
Ilocanos live particularly in Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, and La
Union
Filipino People
Bicolanos
Bicol Region
Pangasinenses
Lingayen Gulf region of Pangasinan
Kapampangans
Pampanga and Tarlac
Zambals
Zambales
Ibanags
Cagayan and Northern Isabela

Filipino People
Indigenous Peoples
Luzon
Ifugaos of Ifugao Province
The Bontocs, Kalinga, Tinguian, the Kankana-ey and
Ibaloi of the Cordillera region
Isnegs of northern Kalinga-Apayao Province, the
Gaddangs of the border between Kalinga-Apayao, and
Isabela provinces and the
Ilongots of Nueva Vizcaya
There are Negritos all over the Philippine highlands but
has been dwindling over the years

Filipino People
Indigenous Peoples
Southern Philippines (Mindanao and Western
Visayas)
Lumad (includes the Manobo, Bukidnon of Bukidnon
Province, Bagobo, Mandaya, and Mansaka)
Subanon of upland areas in the Zamboanga
Mamanua in the Agusan-Surigao border region
Bila-an, Tiruray and Tboli in the region of the Cotabato
province
Samal and Bajau in the Sulu Archipelago

THE GEOGRAPHY
SOSC4
Location
Where can we find the Philippines in relation to the Pacific
Ocean?
It can be found in the Western Pacific Ocean?
What is the astronomic location of the Philippines?
423-425 N. Latitude and 116-127 E. Longitude
Where is the Philippines situated in relation to nearby land
forms and bodies of water.
It is situated in the southeastern portion of Asia
Taiwan by the North
South China Sea (West Philippine Sea) and Vietnam by the West
Malaysia and Singapore on the Southwest
Indonesia and Celebes Sea by the South

Location
Crossroads of the Pacific
Political Subdivisions
What is the capital of the Philippines?
It used to be Quezon City (1948 to 1976).
It is Manila since 1976.
What are the political subdivisions of the
Philippines?
The political subdivisions are provinces, cities or
municipalities and barangays
Provinces are however grouped into
Administrative/Autonomous regions

How many regions do the Philippines have?
The Philippines has 17
16 administrative regions
1 autonomous region (ARMM)
What is ARMM?
ARMM stands for Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao.
It is a semi-independent region with its own
governor and legislative assembly.
It has jurisdiction over administrative
organizations, family relations, natural resources,
economic, social and tourism development.
It does not have powers over national defense,
monetary policies, citizenship and foreign affairs.
ARMM Capitol Map of ARMM
How many provinces do the Philippines have?
It has 81 provinces at present.
What is the newest province in the
Philippines?
Davao Occidental is the Philippines newest
province
It was founded on Oct. 28, 2013
How many cities do the Philippines have?
It has 143 cities, 38 of which are are independent
What is the newest city in the Philippines?
San Pedro in Laguna is the newest city,
Its charter was ratified on December 28, 2013

Regions of the Philippines (17 regions)
Luzon

Region Name (Code) Regional Capital
National Capital Region (NCR) Manila
Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) Baguio
Ilocos Region (Region I) San Fernando City, La Union
Cagayan Valley (Region II) Tuguegarao
Central Luzon (Region III) San Fernando City, Pampanga
Calabarzon (Region IV-A)
aka Southern Tagalog Mainland
Calamba
Mimaropa (Region IV-B)
aka Southern Tagalog Islands
Calapan
Bicol Region (Region V) Legazpi
Visayas

Western Visayas (Region VI) Iloilo City
Central Visayas (Region VII) Cebu City
Eastern Visayas (Region VIII) Tacloban City
Mindanao

Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX) Pagadian City
Northern Mindanao (Region X) Cagayan de Oro
Davao Region (Region XI) Davao City
SOCCSKSARGEN (Region XII)
aka Central Mindanao
Koronadal City
Caraga Region (Region XIII) Butuan City
Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM)
Cotabato City
Land Area
What is the total land area of the Philippines?
It has a total land area of 300,000 square
kilometers
Major Islands
Out of the 7,107 islands of the Philippines, how
many bear names?
Only 2,773 islands in the Philippines bear names
What are the two largest islands in the
Philippines?
The two islands are Luzon in the north the largest and
Mindanao to the south the next in size.
Luzon and Mindanao together constitute how
much of the total Philippine landmass?
Together, Luzon and Mindanao constitute 2/3 of
countrys land mass.
Major Islands
Luzon (141,395 sq. km.) Mindanao (101,999)
Major Islands
What islands constitute the Visayas?
It consist mainly of Samar, Leyte, Cebu, Negros,
Bohol and Panay.
What island province is located at the western
edge of the Philippines?
It is the mini-archipelago of Palawan Province.
How many satellite isles do Palawan islands
have?
Palawan islands is made up of 1,700 isles.
Major Islands
Visayas Islands Palawan Archipelago
Climate
How many distinct seasons do the Philippines
have?
It has two distinct seasons (dry and wet).
Which part of the Philippines lie in within the
typhoon belt?
The northern and eastern region lie within the
typhoon belt.
On average how many typhoons visit the eastern
Visayas and Luzon annually?
On average, typhoons visit the Philippines 20x per
year.

Climate
Average Number of Typhoons/year Typhoon Ondoy (Ketsana)
Climate
Why is Baguio known as the summer capital
of the Philippines?
It is located in the Cordilleras of Northern Luzon
where the weather can be downright chilly.
Climate and Industrialization
According to Francia, why is the western part
Philippines more Industrialized?
Due to more frequent typhoons in the eastern
regions, the dry season is less pronounced in
those areas.
The western portion having a more pronounced
dry season tends to attract more industries and
economic activities.
Volcanic Formations
Where do the Philippines owe the ruggedness of its
island geography?
It owes much of its ruggedness to the Pacific Rim of Fire.
What is the Pacific Rim of Fire?
It is a line of volcanic formations that extend from Alaska
to Japan and the Philippines and Indonesia.
How many volcanoes do the Philippines have?
According to Francia (2010), it contains 37 volcanoes.
However, PAGASA only lists 27 active volcanoes, while
Smithsonian lists 50 active volcanoes.
The number depends on classifications system used.
Volcanic Formations
What is worst volcanic eruption in the
countrys history?
It was the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.

Volcanic Formation
Mt. Pinatubo (1991) Mt. Pinatubo (2009)
Earthquakes and Trenches
Where is the Philippine Deep located in relation
to the Philippines and nearby islands?
It is located east of the archipelago, off the coast of
northeastern Luzon and south of Halmahera,
Indonesia.
What is another name for the Philippine Deep?
It is also known as the Mindanao Trench.
Describe the Philippine deep in terms of its
dimensions.
It stretches 19 miles across with its deepest portion
extending 34,840 feet below sea level
Philippine Trench
Manila Trench
Which tectonic plates are connected with the
Mindanao trench?
The trench rests on the Eurasian and Philippine
sea tectonic plates.
What is the connection between tectonic
plates and earthquakes?
Tectonic plates constantly shift and grind against
one another producing fault lines and
earthquakes.
Geological Formation
Geologically speaking, how old is the Philippines?
Large swaths of Luzon and Mindanao are more than 25
million years old.
The age of the rest of the country varies from 100,000 to
10 million years old
What islands may have been previously connected to
the Asian mainland? The islands of Palawan, Mindoro,
and Panay.
Which among the Philippine islands may have been
part of Borneo? Explain why.
Palawan may have been part of Borneo. They have flora
and fauna not found in the rest of the country.

Geological Formation
Which among the Philippine islands may have been
part of Borneo? Explain.
Palawan may have been part of Borneo.
It has flora and fauna not found in the rest of the country.
What does the geological formation tell us about the
avian and reptilian species in the islands? Explain.
Over 70% of reptiles and 44% of avian creatures are not
found anywhere else.
This is primarily due to the relative isolation of Philippine
archipelago

ORIGIN OF THE PEOPLE
SOSC4
Origin Theories
What is this theory which says that populations in
the Philippines were the result of neat successive
waves of migration?
It is called the Wave Migration Theory
When was this neat successive of migration
supposedly took place?
It took place between 30,000 B.C.E. and 200 B.C.E.
Who was the biggest proponent of this theory?
The biggest proponent of Wave Migration Theory was
the Anthropologist H. Otley Beyer.
Wave Migration Theory
What are the four waves of migration to the
Philippines according to Beyer?

Wave People Civilization
First Dawn Man Rudimentary
Second Negritos Basic
Third Indonesian Intermediate
Fourth Malay Advanced
According to Francia, what are the reasons why
the theory has fallen out of favor?
Various languages were already being spoken
throughout the archipelago thousands of years ago
Trade was already flourishing in the Philippines since
the first millennium B.C.E
According to Halili, what are the reasons why the
theory is being dismissed?
There was no evidence of any dawn man found in
the country
The oldest human relic in the Philippines is only about
20,000 years old

Henry Otley Beyer
Origin Theories
What is this theory which says the inhabitants of the
Philippines consist of a core population to which came
accretions of people who moved in from the region?
It is called the Core Population Theory
The proponent of the theory is F. Landa Jocano.
Does this mean that there were no waves migration to
the Philippines?
There were migrations, but the movement of people were
erratic rather than in neat successive waves.
Moreover, the movement of people were two way (people
came and went).
Core Population Theory
The movements were erratic rather than sequential
waves.
Core
Population
Negritos
Malays
Indonesians
Others
Felipe Landa Jocano
Island Origin Hypothesis
Who is Wilhelm Solheim II?
He is the proponent of the Island Origin Hypothesis
(Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication
Network)
He came from the University of Hawaii.
What is the Island Origin Hypothesis?
This postulates that the people of the Philippines
originated from prehistoric people from an island in
Southeast Asia (Halili, 2011).
Who are these prehistoric people?
Solheim calls these prehistoric people the Nusantao
Who are the Nusantao?
According to Solheim, they had the beginnings or
at least influenced by the maritime oriented tribes
of Insular South East Asia.
Who are the ancestors of the Nusantao?
Solheim postulated that the Nusantao had the
beginnings or at least influenced by the maritime
oriented tribes of Insular Southeast Asia.

How did the Nusantao travelled from their
native island?
They used long distance sea-faring vessels with
innovative bamboo outriggers possibly devised
beginning 4,000 B.C.E.
Francia (2010), noted that these sea-faring vessels
were known as barangays in pre-colonial
Philippines

Balangay Migration
Period in History Settlements
Established
3,000 B.C.E. North & Northeast:
Indonesia
Philippines
1,000 B.C.E. Further West:
Madagascar
Wilhelm G. Solheim II
Mainland Origin Hypothesis
What is the Mainland Origin Hypothesis?
This maintains that the early Filipinos originated
from South China and Taiwan (Halili, 2011).
Also known as the Out-of-Taiwan Hypothesis
Who is the proponent of the Mainland Origin
Hypothesis?
The proponent of Mainland Origin is Peter
Bellwood of Australian National University.
From China to Eastern Indonesia
Period in History Settlements
Established
5,000 B.C.E. South & West:
Northern Philippines
3,500 B.C.E. Further South:
Eastern Indonesia
Peter Bellwood
Settlements in Tabon Caves
Where is the Tabon Caves?
The Tabon Caves can be found in the Palawan Island
What is the significance of the Tabon Caves to
study of Philippine history?
This is where the earliest known human settlements
in the Philippines
How long were the Tabon caves continuously
inhabited?
It was continuously inhabited from 50,000 ago up to
9,000 B.C.E.
Settlements in the Tabon Caves
Tabon Caves (view from the sea) Tabon Caves (from the inside)
How were the settlers of the Tabon Caves called?
They were called Tabon Man, possibly the oldest
Homo Sapiens fossil in Southeast Asia
How old were the remains of the Tabon Man?
It was carbon-dated to 47,000 years ago.
What are the characteristics of the Tabon Man?
They had Negritoid characteristics.
Apparently, they could have been the ancestors of
modern-day Negritos

What are the characteristics of the Tabon Caves which
made it ideal for early human settlement?
It as set into ocean-facing cliffs which would have afforded
a clear view of water-borne visitors
It provided an easy access to the waters for the settlers
themselves.
Where there earlier human settlements than the one
in Tabon Caves?
Yes, it is possible since archaeological evidence attests to
human presence in the Philippine as far back 250,000 ago.
However, human remains older than the Tabon Man is yet
to be found.

Manunggul Burial Jar
(found in the Tabon Caves Complex, Quezon, Palawan)
Settlements Near Bodies of Water
Whats the reason why the early Filipinos prefer
to live by or close to water?
Ocean, rivers, lakes are sources of abundant food.
Water was the only transportation route to other
islands.
It was easier to engage in trade with nearby islands
and distant ports.
What was the result of brisk trade among islands
and distant ports?
It resulted to emergence of larger population centers.
In Mindanao, it resulted to the spread of Islamic faith.
Settlements Near Bodies of Water
What might be the reason why early Filipino
settlements failed to produce a nation state?
Questions?

SOSC4 - Lesson 2

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The Land and the People

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