JONAMAE D. PACTORES DIRECT CURRENT Direct Current (DC) is the constant flow of Electric Charge from high to low Potential. In the history of electrical science, Conventional Current was defined as a flow of Positive Charge. DC is commonly found in many low-voltage applications, especially where these are powered by Battery. Most electronic circuits require a DC power supply. Electrons move from areas where there are excess of negative charges to areas where there are a deficiency (or positive charge). Electrons move from "-" to "+", but conventional current is considered to move in the other direction. When you set up a circuit, conventional current is considered to move from the "+" to the "-" side.
The idea about using positive charges in forming explanations comes from Benjamin Franklin. ALTERNATING CURRRENT AC is short for alternating current. This means that the direction of current flowing in a circuit is constantly being reversed back and forth. This is done with any type of AC current/voltage source.
AC is created by generators in power plants, and other sources. This AC current is delivered to our homes and businesses by the power lines we see everywhere.
The distance along the time axis spanned by a positive and negative a-c loop is called one cycled of time. Modern a-c systems in the United States operates 60 cycles per second or 60 hertz. This means that the current is delivered to the consumer. In a-c instead of resistance the corresponding parameter in an a-c circuit is impedance, which is also measured in ohms. Thus for the a-c circuit , the equivalent to Ohms Law is
where Z, is the symbol normally used for impedance ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION D-C GENERATOR - In a d.c generator there is a coil that rotates between the poles of a magnet but unlike the a.c generator the two ends of the coil are connected to a split ring - a half circle of metal that is in contact with the stationary brushes. As the coil rotates the side of it that is cutting downwards through the field (marked X on the diagram) is always in contact with brush 1. That means that brush 1 is always positive. In the same way the side of the coil that is going up is in contact with brush 2. The device that ensures that the two brushes always have the same polarity is called a COMMUTATOR.
In commercial generators the performance of both types (ac and dc) is improved by having:
(a) a radial magnetic field produced by electromagnets with multiple coils and (b) a large number of coils on the rotor
A-C GENERATOR other term is ALTERNATOR is a device that produces electrical energy from mechanical energy usually by rotating a coil in a magnetic field.
The output voltage of a generator can be increased by rotating it faster, increasing the number of turns on the coil or using stronger magnets The faster the coil rotates the faster will it cut the magnetic field and the bigger will be the output voltage. POWER AND ENERGY ENERGY - is the technical term for the more common expression-work. In terms of power, it is the product of power and time, that is energy or work = power x time
POWER- is the rate at which energy is used, or alternatively thru rate at which work is done. Since energy and work are synonymous. POWER IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS The unit of electric power is the watt(W). A larger unit of 1000 watts is the kilowatt(kw). The power input in watts to any electrical device having a resistance R in which the current is I is given by the equation.
Wattage w= I 2 R or W= I(IR) This is true for both a-c and d-c circuits. However, since the resistance of an item is generally not known, but the circuit voltage and current are known. It would be preferable to calculate Power in the equation.
By Ohms Law V= IR and since W = I (IR) W = I (V)
R = Ohms; W= WATTS; I= amperes ; V=volt Sample problem ENERGY IN ELECTRIC CIRCUITS Since the power is the rate of energy use, it follows that energy = power x time. Therefore the amount of energy used in directly proportional to the power of the system and to length of time. It is in operation. Since power is expressed in either watts or kilowatts, and time in hours (second and minutes are too small for use) , we have for units of energy used for one hour.
ELECTRIC LOAD CONTROL a method of load control for efficient utilization of available energy to produce a high load factor. This results in a lowering of demand charge,( levying of charge for power (kw) in addition to the normal energy (kwh) charge. This demand charge is primarily useful in encouraging users to reduce to their peak loads.
Sample problem Level 1 Load scheduling and duty- cycle control
The installations electric load are analyzed and then scheduled to restrict demand. Thus large loads can be shifted to off-peak hours and controlled to avoid coincidence operation. Control can be entirely manual or automated by use of a DUTY-CYCLE CONTROLLER. It controls the on and off time of a DC voltage powered device, resulting in lower power usage, lower consumption of consumable resources, and, in the case of a device with a pump, lower average ow rate.
END Problem 1: Incandescent lamp = 66 ohms resistance 115 V supply
Solution: d-c W = VI = 115(1.74) = 200 watts power a-c multiply x pf (power factor) Problem 2: calculate the current and power in two branches of the circuit and the total circuit current assume a 120 v a-c source. Solutions: a.) power = VI P= 150+150 = 300 W 300 W = 120 x l I= 300/120= amperes R= V/I = 120/2.5=48 ohms
b.) second branch is 10 amp. 0.8 pf load Power= V x amp x pf = 120 x 10 x .8 = 960 W But the circuit volt-ampere Is 120 x 10 = 1.200 Va back Problem 2: Find the daily energy consumption of the appliances list below if they are used daily for the month of time shown. TOASTER 1.34 KW X 1/4 HR. 0.335 KWH PERCOLATOR 0.5 KW X 2 HR. 1.00 KWH FRYER 1.56 KW X 1/2 HR. 0.78 KWH IRON 1.40 KW X 1/4 HR. 0.70 KWH TOTAL 2.815 KWH a. If the average cost of energy is per kilowatt-hour , find the daily operating cost ( assume 1 kwh = P 5.54) 2.815 kwh x P 5.54/ 1 kwh = P 15.59
b. If considering an average power demand of a household is 1.2 kw, calculate the monthly electric bill of such a household , assuming the rate of per kilowatt-hour = P5.54
monthly energy consumption = 1.2 kw x .24hr./day x 30 days/ month = 864 kwh
electric power bill = 864 kwh x P 5.54/ 1 kwh = P 4786.56 back