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Rondang R. Soegianto

2009
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Digestion:

Physical process: Chewing, GI contraction

Chemical process: Digestive enzymes

Source of digestive enzymes:
Exocrine glands - Salivary glands
Pancreas
Gallbladder
Liver
Also cells and glands in mucosa
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Dietary Carbohydrate
A. Polysaccharide:
Plant carbohydrate:

- Cellulose, present in diet but no digestive
enzyme (cellulase)
- Amylum consists of :
Amylose (20%) -1,4 links
Amylopectin (80%) -1,4 and -1,6 links
for branching
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Animal starch
- Similar to Amylopectin with more branches

STARCH and GLYCOGEN are polymers of
glucose

Only one glucose residue has reducing
group on C1

Other glucose residues are non-reducing
ends

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B. Disaccharides

Sucrose: Fruc + Gluc
Lactose: Gluk + Galac
Maltose: Gluk + Gluc

C. Monosaccharides:
Gluc, Fruc, Galac
Reducing sugars with reducing group
on C1 or C2
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1.2 Carbohydrate Digestion
Glycoside hydrolysis Monosach Intestinal mucosa

Digestive Enzymes:
- Salivary -amylase
pH opt ~ 7.0
- Pancreatic - amylase
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Salivary amylase stopped
by acidity of stomach

Pancreatic amylase undergoes
buffering action of
Pancreatic juice and Bile in
Small intestine

Continues digestion of starch and
glycogen in food

Products: Oligosaccharides and
disaccharide (maltose)
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2.1 Dietary Fat

Hydrophobic molecules

Major D F : Triacylglycerols =

Esters of an alcohol (glycerol) and FA

In nature: 3 different FA in molecule structure

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2.2 Fat Digestion

a.Salivary and lingual lipases

For TAG with short to
medium FA (cows milk)

Product: 2-monoacylglycerols

Help emulsify other fat in the diet
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b. In small intestine
Bile salts emulsify fats
Pancreatic lipase and co-lipase
secreted from pancreas

Products:
2-monoacylglycerols + FA from C1 and C3

c. Formation of bile salts micelles
Micelles contain: TAG, Monoacylglycerols,
FA, Fat soluble vitamin
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g. Absorption of dietary lipids
FA and 2-MAG packaged into micelles
= micro droplets emulsified by bile salts.
Also included in micelles: Cholesterol

Fat soluble vitamis

Micelles Microvilli
Short and medium FA (C4 C12) do not
need bile salts for absorption.
Enter portal blood directly.
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CLINICAL NOTE

Steatorrhea: lipid malabsorption
increased lipid (including vits A, D, E, K
and essential FA) in feces caused by
disturbed lipid digestion and/or absorption
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i. Chylomicron formation
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j. Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts
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3.1 Digestion of Protein
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Activation of gastric and pancreatic zymogens
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