Assets Reporting and

Depreciation
MANAC I

Inventory - revise ..
1. Inventory is reported in the Balance Sheet as
an ___________

2. The inventory method which assumes that
goods are sold in the reverse order of their
acquisition is know as ________ method

3. A company should select the ____ inventory
method if it wishes to keep its taxes to
minimum
Inventory - revise ..
1. Inventory is reported in the Balance Sheet as
an _CURRENT ASSET

2. The inventory method which assumes that
goods are sold in the reverse order of their
acquisition is know as _LIFO_ method

3. A company should select the _LIFO_ inventory
method if it wishes to keep its taxes to
minimum
Issues to be discussed
What are the Fixed Assets/ Non-monetary
Assets?

What constitute the value of Fixed Assets?
and How much to value?

Usage/consumption of fixed assets
Depreciation
Required to read (but not exhaustive)
AS 10
AS 6
HBR Note-Asset Reporting
AHM-Chapter 07

If you are interested, you can read
AS 8, AS 26 & AS 28
Nature of Fixed Assets
Benefits obtained from expenditures on goods or
services are either
Obtained in current period (expenses) or
Expected to be obtained in future periods (capitalized).
Capital assets provide benefits to future periods


Note: it is like prepaid insurance

3 Steps to recognize the ASSET
1. Resources are owned
or controlled by the firm
2. Resources are expected
to provide future economic
benefits sufficient to recover
their cost
3. The future economic
benefits are measurable
with a reasonable degree
of certainty
The ASSET
Types of Fixed assets
Tangible asset
Asset with physical substance
Fixed Assets
Property, plant, and equipment = called fixed
asset in US
Intangible asset
Intellectual property.
No physical substance
Examples are patent rights, copyrights
Fixed Assets/ Non-monetary assets
How much to record?

Cost
Fair Market Value

How to disclose?
Gross Block, Accumulated Depreciation, Net
Block






Write journal entry for the following
SK Corporaton purchased a machine that was
billed as follows: invoice price, 20000; cash
discount, 300; delivery charges, 535;
insurance, 40; and installation 800
Component of Cost
Cost of an item of fixed asset comprises its
purchase price, including import duties and
other non-refundable taxes or levies and any
directly attributable cost of brining the asset
to its working condition for its intended use
Directly attributable costs may include:
Site preparation
Initial delivery and handling costs
Installation cost, like foundations for plant etc.
Profession fees like consultancy etc.
Component of Cost (cont.)
The interval between the date of project is
ready to commence commercial production
and the date at which commercial production
actually begins all expenses incurred
during this period are charged to..

Component of Cost (cont.)
The interval between the date of project is
ready to commence commercial production
and the date at which commercial production
actually begins all expenses incurred
during this period are charged to..

Either to profit and loss account or
Deferred revenue expenditure

Component of Cost (cont.)
When fixed asset is acquired in exchange for
another asset, its cost is usually determined
by reference to the fair market value of the
consideration given
Depreciation or Amortization
Various methods to consider

SLM
SYD
WDV

Subsequently, we discuss each one of them in detial
Types of FA and Depreciation or
amortization
Tangible Assets
Land WHAT
Plant and equipment WHAT .
Natural resources WHAT
Intangible Assets
Limited life Intangible assets WHAT
Indefinite life Intangible assets WHAT
Deferred charges WHAT
Research & development WHAT


Types of FA and Depreciation or
amortization
Tangible Assets
Land - no depreciation
Plant and equipment - depreciation.
Natural resources - depletion
Intangible Assets
Limited life Intangible assets amortization
Indefinite life Intangible assets no amortization,
impairment tests
Deferred charges amortization/write offs
Research & development not capitalized


Component of Cost (cont.)
Improvements and Repairs to Fixed Assets

Improvement

Repairs


Component of Cost (cont.)
Improvements and Repairs to Fixed Assets
Improvement
Expenditures related to an item of fixed asset should be
added to its book value only if they increase the future
benefits from the existing asset beyond its previously
assessed standard of performance

Repairs


Disposal of FA
Losses arising from the retirement or gains or
losses arising from disposal of FA which is
carried at cost should be recognized in the
P&L account
Disposal of FA
A machine was originally acquired for 25000.
The accumulated depreciation at years end
is 7500. It is sold for 19500 at the beginning
of the year.
What is the book value of the assets?
Did they make profit or loss on sale?
Useful terms
Deterioration = physical process of wearing out.
Obsolescence = loss of usefulness because of
change in technology or tastes.
Physical life = time until asset wears out.
Service life = shorter of either time until asset
becomes obsolete or time until asset wears out.
Book value = net book value = original cost -
accumulated depreciation to date.

Disclosure requirement
AS 1 - Disclosure of Accounting policies
AS 6 Depreciation Accounting
Further
Gross Block
Expenditure incurred on account of fixed assets in
the course of construction or acquisition
Depreciation methods
Straight Line Method

Accelerated method
Written down value method
Sum of the years digits method
Straight Line Method (SLM)
An auto is purchased for 20000 with an
expected salvage value of 2000. The autos
estimated life is eight years. Depreciation per
year equals
Sum of the years digits method (SYD)
An auto is purchased for 20000 with an
expected salvage value of 2000. The autos
estimated life is eight years.
What will be the depreciation through out the
period?

Diminishing balance method (WDV)
An asset costing 20000 has a life expectancy
of eight years. The rate of depreciation is
25% p.a. Depreciation expenses per year will
be.
Exercises
On January 1, 2010, a machine was
purchased for 30,000. The estimated life is
six years and salvage value is 1,500.
Determine the annual depreciation using
SLM for first 3 years
SYD for first 3 years
DBM for first 3 years (if rate of Depre 1/3)


Exercises
A truck was purchased on October 1, 2009,
for 10,000. The estimated life is 5 years and
the salvage value is 500. Based on SLM,
what to be reported on the B/S at
a. December 31, 2009
b. December 31, 2010


Exercises
A truck was purchased on October 1, 2009,
for 10,000. The estimated life is 5 years and
the salvage value is 500. Based on SLM,
what to be reported on the B/S at
a. December 31, 2009
b. December 31, 2010

What is the depreciation expense in 2009?
What is the depreciation expense in 2010?


Natural Resources
Like unextracted coal, oil, other minerals and
gas
Cos own the right to extract
Theses are called wasting assets like
intangible assets
Depreciation or amortization is based on
Full cost method
Successful efforts methods
Eg. NTPC, Reliance, etc.

Intangible assets
Amortization is direct charge to
intangible asset
Intangible assets
Limited useful life
Patents, licenses etc.

Indefinite useful life
No amortization but impairment test

Intangible assets
Good will
Actual
Not amortized but subject to annual impairment
test any write-down charge to income
Patents and copyrights .
Amortized over useful life

Leasehold Improvements
Any developments on leasehold property

Exercise 1
Equipment costing 19,500 with accumulated
depreciation of 12,000 is discarded. There is
no salvage value. Prepare appropriate journal
entry for its disposal
Exercise 1
Equipment costing 19,500 with accumulated
depreciation of 12,000 is discarded. There is
no salvage value. Prepare appropriate journal
entry for its disposal

Accumulated Depre 12,000
Loss on disposal of FA 7,500
Equipment 19,500
Exercise 2
Equipment costing 19,500 with accumulated
depreciation of 12,000 is discarded. There is
no salvage value.
Prepare the entry and its effect if the
equipment was sold for 9,000

Exercise 3
Equipment costing 19,500 with accumulated
depreciation of 12,000 is discarded. There is
no salvage value.
Prepare the entry and its effect if the
equipment was sold for 5,000

Jindal Steel & Power 2007-08
Jindal Steel & Power 2007-08
Infosys 2007-08
Infosys 2007-08
AXIS Bank 207-08
AXIS Bank 207-08
Usefulness
Check the proportion of FA over Total Assets
Gives an idea of nature of companies or type of
company
Manufacturing or service org.

IT Act 1961 - provisions
WDV
Block of assets method
Broad category like

Building
Furniture
Plant and machinery
Intangible assets
To be remembered - depreciation
Consistency
Change in the method
Recalculated from the beginning
Surplus or deficiency charge to P&L
Revalue the useful lives in case of major
fixed assets
In case of revaluation, new value will be
considered for depre

Test
1. Start up costs are classified in the ______ section
of the B/S
2. A patent recorded at 20000 has remaining legal
life of 14 years. However, its economic life is now
estimated to be 10 years. The annual
amortization exp will be _____
3. The value placed on fixed asset at the end of its
useful life is known as ________
4. The allocation of the cost of fixed asset to the
periods benefited from it is called ______
5. Internally generated intangibles which are not
specifically identifiable should be recorded as
_________
Test
1. Start up costs are classified in the deferred
charge section of the B/S
2. A patent recorded at 20000 has remaining legal
life of 14 years. However, its economic life is now
estimated to be 10 years. The annual
amortization exp will be 2000
3. The value placed on fixed asset at the end of its
useful life is known as Salvage Value
4. The allocation of the cost of fixed asset to the
periods benefited from it is called Depre
5. Internally generated intangibles which are not
specifically identifiable should be recorded as
expense
Liabilities Reporting
2 steps to call as a liability

FIRST
An obligation has been incurred

SECOND
The amount and timing of the obligation is
measurable with reasonable certainty
Types of Liabilities
Current Liabilities

Non current liabilities/long term liabilities

Unearned (deferred) Revenue


Current Liabilities
Accounts payables

Notes payables written promises to pay
money at a future date
Accrued expenses incurred but not paid

Withholdings employees salaries

Noncurrent liabilities
Long term liabilities
Used to finance noncurrent assets
Key characteristics
Interest
Principal payment

With expectation that the return generated from the
long-term asset will be sufficient to meet the interest and
principal payment of the debt
Bonds at Par, discount or premium
Coupon rate

Debentures generally unsecured bond

Disclosed as
Secured Loan
Unsecured Loan
Bond conversion
It gives the holder the option to convert it into
shares at a later date
Conversion factor indicates .
Bond conversion is likely when the market
price of the stock rises considerably

Contingent Liabilities
Potential liabilities arising from previous
events
Uncertainty exists with regard to amount
It may arise from litigation, product warranties
and additional tax assessments
Disclose as part of off-balance sheet item


Question
There is a pending lawsuit against KBC Corp.
that may possibly result in future damages of
30,000. What recognition should be given to
it in the financial statements?
Question
There is a pending lawsuit against KBC Corp.
that may possibly result in future damages of
30,000. What recognition should be given to
it in the financial statements?
Ans:
Footnote disclosure should be given of the
particulars of the pending litigation.


Question to think
1. Key advantage of issuing bonds is that their
____________ is tax deductable
2. Interest payment on bond is based on its
______________
3. Two types of liabilities are ______ and
______
4. A ________ is an unsecured bond
5. In a _______lease, the lessee records a
liability for the present value of future
minimum rental payments to be made

Question to think
1. Key advantage of issuing bonds is that their
interest exp. is tax deductable
2. Interest payment on bond is based on its
face value
3. Two types of liabilities are current and long
term
4. A debenture is an unsecured bond
5. In a Capital lease, the lessee records a
liability for the present value of future
minimum rental payments to be made

Differed Taxes
AS 22 (partly)
AHM Chp 10 (partly)
Issues to be discussed
What is deferred tax?

Differed tax liability

Differed tax asset
Issues to be discussed
What is deferred tax?

Permanent differences

Timing differences
Questions
End of Module II