WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP

AN OVERVIEW

Mian Ahmed Yaser

DE (Computer & Data Services)
 Definition
• WLL is a system that connects the
subscribers to the PSTN using radio
system as a substitute for the copper for
all or part of the connection between
subscriber and switch.
 Wireless local loop
• Replaces:
– Traditional twisted pair
• Also called:
– Fixed wireless access
 WLL alternatives
• Narrowband
– Replaces existing telephony services
• Broadband
– Provides high speed two way voice and data
 WHY WLL?
• Congested urban areas
• Far flung rural areas
• Fast installation
• Less maintenance
• Easy operation
• Less establishment problems
 Role of WLL
• WLL services one or two cells
• A cell has a base station antenna installed on
the top of a tall building or a tower
• Customers’ antennas are installed atop their
houses or separate poles such that there is an
unobstructed line of sight with the base station
• Base station is linked to the switching center
wirelessly or wired
• An ISP is linked to the switch using a high speed
link
 Advantages of WLL
1. Cost of installation and maintenance of WLL is lower
than cable network
2. Installation time is less in case of WLL
3. Selective installation: Installation for those who require
connection at a certain time
4. Quality of wireless technologies have improved to
nearly equal the contemporary wired options which do
face problems like longer distances in xDSL and lack of
infrastructure, so WLL offers tough competition
5. Cellular systems are too expensive with lesser signal
quality than fixed broadband wireless which uses
directional antennas
 REQUIREMENTS FROM PTA
• Radio Frequency bands allocated by PTA
– 1.9 GHz
– 3.4 to 3.6 GHz
– 450 MHz
– 479 MHz
 Radio Spectrum Band Information
Spectrum
sheet 1.9 GHz
Number Maxim One time fee Annual Roll out Rollout
Block size of um per block renewal fee commitmen commitm
(Transmit + available blocks upon per block t in region ent
Receive) blocks availab lisencing by per region complian
MHz le per Region (US $ (US $ and ce
applica and Pak Rs) Pak Rs)
nt and
affiliate
s

5+5 1 1 Area 1 US $ 250,000 Area 1 US 1.Atleast one base 1. Initially by

station that is in 18 months
1.25 x3+ or Pk Rs. $75,000or ongoing
1.25 x3 operational as part from
14,500,000 Pk Rs. of licensee’s effective
network date. 2. On
1890-1895 4,350,000 2. One or more an ongoing
1970-1975 US $75,000or base stations basis
Area 2 providing service thereafter
Pk Rs. US $ to atleastt 5
Area 2 customers
4,350,000 25,000 or
Pk Rs.
1,450,000
 1.9 GHz band
• 1880-1885 ; 1960-1965 MHz will be
available if not used by CMTS
– AREA 1
• Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad
– AREA 2
• FTR, HTR, GTR, RTR, WTR, STR-I, STR-V, MTR,
NTR-I, NTR-II and CTR
 Radio Spectrum Band Information
sheet 3.4-3.6 GHz
Spectrum Block Number Maximu One time fee Annual Roll out Rollout
size (Transmit + of m per block renewal fee commitme commitment
Receive) available blocks upon per block nt in compliance
MHz blocks availabl lisencing by per region region
e per Region (US (US $ and
applican $ and Pak Pak Rs)
t and Rs)
affiliates

10.5+10.5 7 1 Area 1 US $ 25,000 Area 1 US $ 25,000 1.Atleast one 1. Initially by 18

base station that months from
3.5 x21+ or Pk Rs. or Pk Rs. is in ongoing
3.5 x21 as effective date. 2.
1,450,000 1,450,000 operational
part of licensee’s On an ongoing
Blocks located within network basis thereafter
3410-3497.5 2. One or more

Area 2 US
3510-3597.5 US base stations
providing service
$10,000or $10,000or to atleastt 5
Area 2 customers
Pk Rs. Pk Rs.
580,000 580,000
– AREA 1
• Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad
– AREA 2
• FTR, HTR, GTR, RTR, WTR, STR-I, STR-V, MTR,
NTR-I, NTR-II and CTR
 Radio Spectrum Band Information
sheet 450 MHz
Spectrum Numbe Maximum One time fee per Annual Roll out Rollout
Block r of blocks block upon renewal fee commitm commitment
size availab available lisencing by per block ent in compliance
(Transmit le per Region (US $ per region region
+ blocks applicant and Pak Rs) (US $ and
Receive) and Pak Rs)
MHz affiliates

5+5 1 1 Area 1 US $ 75,000 or Area 1 US 1.Atleast one

base station
1. Initially by 18
1.25 x3+ months from
Pk Rs. 4,350,000 $50,000or that is in
effective date. 2.
1.25 x3 ongoing
Pk Rs. operational as On an ongoing
part of basis thereafter
452.5- 2,900,000 licensee’s
457.457; network
462.5- Area 2 2. One or more
US $37,500or US $ base stations
467.457 Area 2 providing
25,000 or service to
Pk Rs. 2,175,000
Pk Rs. atleastt 5
customers
1,450,000
– AREA 1
• Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad
– AREA 2
• FTR, HTR, GTR, NTR-I,RTR
– AREA 3
• WTR, STR-I, STR-V, MTR, NTR-II and CTR
– PTCL has been allocated 1.25 MHz band in this area 3,
rest of the 3.75 MHz is available for new LL operators in
area 3
– License fee given for area 2 will apply
 Radio Spectrum Band Information
sheet 479 MHz
Spectrum Number of Maximum One time fee Annual Roll out Rollout
Block size available blocks per block upon renewal fee commitm commitment
(Transmit + blocks available lisencing by per block per ent in compliance
Receive) per Region (US $ region (US $ region
MHz applicant and Pak Rs) and Pak Rs)
and
affiliates

5+5 1 1 Area 1 US $ 75,000 or Area 1 US 1.Atleast one 1. Initially by 18

base station months from
1.24 x3+ Pk Rs. $50,000or that is in effective date. 2.
1.24 x3 ongoing
4,350,000 Pk Rs. operational as On an ongoing
basis thereafter
479-483.48 2,900,000 part of
licensee’s
network
Area 2 US $22,500or
489-493.48
2. One or
Pk Rs. Area 2 US $
more base
stations
1,305,000 15,000 or Pk providing
Rs. 870,000 service to
atleastt 5
customers
SPECIFICATIONS FROM PTCL
• Technologies and Standards Wing PTCL
HQ
• No. T&S / TR-133B/03
• CDMA 2000 1x based on
– TIA/EIA/IS-2000 standard
– 3GPP2 standard
– ITU-RM 1457 standard
Requirements of Specifications
• To Provide
– Toll Quality Voice service
– Wireless Pay Phone
– Internet access

– Maximum rate of 144 Kbps and at least 30

Kbps packet mode data
– 14.4 Kbps of voice band data in circuit mode
 Main Parts of the system
• MSC- Main Switching Center
• BSC- Base Station Controller
• BTS- Base Transceiver Station
• FWT (Fixed Wireless Terminal) or Mobile
terminal
 Frequency Spectrum
• Rural Areas
– 450 MHz band i.e.
• 452.5-457.475 MHz :Uplink
• 462.5-467.475 MHz :Downlink
– 1-3 RF carriers 1.25 MHz each

• Urban Areas
– 1900 MHz band (If available) i.e.
• 1890-1895 MHz : Uplink
• 1970- 1975 MHz: Downlink
– 1-4 RF carriers 1.25 MHz each
 Standards
• Air Interface Standard • Frame st. standard
– TIA/EIA/IS-2000 – TIA/EIA/IS-2000
 Compatibility
• Backward Compatibility
– IS-95
• Forward Compatibility
– CDMA 2000 1x EV DO
• 2.4 Mbps Multimedia
 Vocoders
• Codec (EVRC) (EIA/TIA ISO 127-2)
• 3GPP2 standard CS0014-0-2
• 13.4 Kbps QCELP (IS-733) vocoder
• SMV (Selective Multirate Vocoders)

– Dynamic allocation of Vocoders required

– Should also be software configurable
 Duplexing method

FDD/TDD
Frequency division duplex/Time division
duplex
 Traffic Capacity of system
• In Erlangs/sector/MHz for 1% GOS with
98% active voice calls and 2% active data
calls at 144 Kbps to be specified by the
vendor:
 Traffic Capacity of a BSC
• Capacity of BSC for an average traffic of
0.05 Er./Subscriber and 1%GOS.
BHCA/sub shall be 4.
 Capacity of Base Station
• Minimum 110 Erlang /FA / 3 sectors
assuming all Remote Stations are
FWTs using voice only.
 Coverage Radius of BTS

• 20 to 25 Km, extendable to double this

value
BTS sensitivity

-125 dBm
 BSC
• The BSC should adopt ATM or IP
platform.
• Switching capability of BSC is in Gbps
 Power Supply
• To BTS, BSC and MSC is

-48 V (-44 V - -56.4 V)

 Requirements from FWT
• Voice supporting RJ-11 Interface
• Group 3 fax at RJ-11 Interface
• Voice band data upto 14.4.kbps in
circuit mode
• 144 kbps data in packet mode
• Subscriber’s Call Charge Meter (Home
Meter)
 Requirements from Handheld
terminal
• Voice
• Voice band data upto 14.4.kbps in circuit
mode
• 144 kbps data in packet mode
• Extended antenna support
• SMS
• Address book
Generic Model of CDMA 2000 1x
WLL
Packet Switched OMC-P NMC
Core Network
(PCN)

OMC-S

AAA PDSN IWF

A10/A11
HLR

Um

RS BTS Abis A1/A2

BSC MSC

Core Network (CN)

OMC-R

Radio Network (RN)

WLL solution by Huawei
 CDMA 2000 1x WLL Huawei
solution
• Basically this is a complete solution for a
PLMN: Public local mobile network
• Only minor changes in the software can
change this WLL network into a mobile
system
 Expected Network in Pakistan
• Islamabad: Centralized control
• Peshawar
• Lahore
• Quetta
• Karachi
• Multan
 Equipment to be available at sites
• MSC: Mobile Switching center
• BSC : Base Station Controller
• BTS : Base Transceiver Station
• HLR/AuC : Home Location Register/
Authentication Center
 Interfaces
• Between MSC and BSC: V 5.2
• Between BSC and BTS: E1

– No. of max. BTS that can be connected to a

BSC: 14
– No. of BSC that can be connected to a MSC:
 BSC Capabilty
• ATM broadband packet platform with
switching capacity of 25Gbps
• Convenient to upgrade to 1x EV only by
upgrading the software of BSS and adding
1x EV channel board to BTS;
 Evolution to EV-DO
• Patent radio resource management
algorithm
• Variable step length power control
technique to improve receiving sensitivity
and fulfill the performance requirements
for future evolution to EV-DO
CDMA 2000 1x and EV-DO mixed
Networking
 CDMA IS-95 Standard
• Introduced in: 1993
• Access Method: CDMA
• Uplink band: 869 to 894 MHz
• Downlink band: 824 to 849 MHz
• Forward rev. spacing: 45 MHz
• Channel Bandwidth: 1250 KHz
• No. of duplex channels: 20
• Max. power of mobile: 0.2 Watts
• Users per channel: 35
 CDMA IS-95 Standard (Contd.)
• Modulation: QPSK
• Carrier bit rate: 9.6 Kbps
• Speech coder: QCELP
• Speech coding bit rate: 8,4,2,1 Kbps
• Frame size : 20 m sec
• Error control coding: Convolutional1/2
rate forward; 1/3
rate reverse
 Development of Mobile
Communications
1st Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation
1980s (analog) 1990s (digital) current (digital)

GSM UMTS
AMPS
WCDMA
CDMA
TACS IS95 CDMA
Analog to Digital Voice to Broadband
2000
NMT TDMA
IS-136 TD-
OTHERS SCDMA
PDC

3G provides:
 Complete integrated service
solutions
 High bandwidth
 Unified air interface
 Best spectral efficiency and
……………… a step towards PCS
 Transmission Techniques
CDMA Traffic channels: different
users are assigned unique
Power code and transmitted over
cy
the same frequency band,
Tim u en for example, WCDMA and
e q
e Fr CDMA2000

TDMA

Power
Traffic channels: different time slots
are allocated to different users, for
cy example, DAMPS and GSM
Tim uen
q
e Fre

FDMA Us
e
Us ser r
U
Us e r
Us e r
er Traffic channels: different frequency bands
Power
Us are allocated to different users,for example,
er
n cy AMPS and TACS
Tim que
e
e Fr
 TDMA

user
user

user
user
Power

user

y
e nc
qu
Fre
Tim
e
 3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:
• Universal frequency band for standard and seamless
global coverage
• High spectral efficiency
• High quality of service with complete security and
reliability
• Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible
with 2G
• Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
– Vehicle environment: 144kbps
– Walking environment: 384kbps
– Indoor environment: 2Mbps
 Standards for 3G
CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode

WCDMA TD-SCDMA
3GPP 3G system CWTS
FDD mode TDD mode
A Comparison b/w 3G standards
WCDMA CDMA2000 TD-SCDMA

Receiver type RAKE RAKE RAKE

Close loop power

control Supported Supported Supported

Handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff Soft/hard handoff

Demodulation
Coherent Coherent Coherent
mode
Chip rate (Mcps) 3.84 N*1.2288 1.28

Transmission TSTD, STTD

OTD, STS No
diversity mode FBTD
Synchronization Asynchronous Synchronous Asynchronous
mode
Core network GSM MAP ANSI-41 GSM MAP
 Development of CDMA

CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 307.2kbps

IS95A IS95A  Heavier voice

115.2kbps service capacity ;
9.6kbps CDMA2000
 Longer period of 1X EV
standby time
1995 1998
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
2000
2003

• Higher spectrum efficiency and network

capacity
• Higher packet data rate and more diversified
services
• Smooth transit to 3G
 CDMA2000 1X Network Structure

A1(Signaling)

A2(Traffic)
Abis
A3(Signaling &
Traffic)

A7(Singaling)

A11(Signaling)

A10(Traffic)

• MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station

• BSC: Base Station Controller
• HLR :Home Location Register
• PCF: Packet data Control Function
• HA: Home Agent
• SCP: Service Control Point
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
VLR: Visitor Location Register
PDSN: Packet Data Service Node
FA: Foreign Agent
Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service
 Correlation
+1

Correlation 100% so the

-1 functions are parallel
+1
(a)
-1

+1

-1 Correlation 0% so the functions are

+1 orthogonal

(b)
 Orthogonal Function

• Orthogonal functions have zero

correlation. Two binary sequences
are orthogonal if their “XOR” output
contains equal number of 1’s and 0’s
EXAMPLE:

0000 1010
0101 0101
0101 1111
Information spreading over orthogonal codes

+1
-1

User Input 1 0 0 1 1

Orthogonal
Sequence 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
Tx Data 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
+1
-1
 Information recovery
Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Correct Function 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
1111 0000 0000 1111 1111
1 0 0 1 1
+1

-1

Rx Data
1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
Incorrect Function 0101 0101 0101 0101 0101
1100 0011 0011 1100 1100
? ? ? ? ?
 Spreading and De-spreading
The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.

S（ f） S（ f）
information
information

f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before spreading The spectrum after spreading

S（ f） S（ f）
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information

f0 f f0 f
The spectrum before despreading The spectrum after despreading

information pulse interference White noise

S(f) is the energy density.

 Signal flow

RF
Source Convolution
Interleaving Scrambling Spreading Modulation transmission
coding &
Interleaving

Decovolution
Source deinterleaving RF receiving
& Unscrambling De-spreading Demodulation
decoding Deinterleaving
 Common Technical Terms
• Bit, Symbol, Chip:
– A bit is the input data which contain information
– A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the
block interleaving
– A chip is the output of spreading
• Processing Gain:
– Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
– The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
• Forward direction: Information path from base station
to mobile station
• Reverse direction: Information path from mobile
station to base station
 Source Coding

• Vocoder:
– 8K QCELP
– 13K QCELP
– EVRC
• Characteristics
– Support voice activity

In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35%. To achieve
better capacity and low power consumption, base station reduces its
transmission power.
 Channel Coding

Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Constraint length=shift register number+1.
Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)

Input Output (symbols)

(bits)

convolution encoder
 Turbo Code

Turbo code is used during the transmission of

large data packet.
• Characteristics of the Turbo code:
– The input information is encoded twice and the two
output codes can exchange information with each
other during decoding.
– The symbol is protected not only by the
neighborhood check bits, but also by the separate
Check Bits.
The performance of a Turbo code is superior to
that of a convolution code.
 Interleaving

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 5
5 2 5
3 5
4 5 5
6 5
7 5
8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

The direction of the data stream

 Scrambling (M) sequence

0 0 1

1 1 0

Out

• Two points are important here:

– Maximum number of shift register (N)
– Mask
• The period of out put sequence is 2N-1 bits
• Only sequence offset is change when the mask is
changed
• PN stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence
 Long Code
• The long code is a PN sequence with
period of 242 -1chips
• The functions of a long code:
– Scramble the forward CDMA channel
– Control the insertion of power control bit
– Spread the information on the reverse CDMA
channel to identify the mobile stations
 Short Code
• Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips
– Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish different
sectors

PNc

PNb

PNa

– Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN offsets are
available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).
 Walsh Code
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.

Wn Wn W1=0 0 0 0 0
Walsh code W2n= 0 1 0 1
Wn Wn 0 0 W4 =
W2= 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 0

64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and

each Walsh code is orthogonal to other.

A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the

position and m is the order. For example, W24 means 0101
code in W4 matrix
 Walsh Code
• In forward direction, each symbol is spread with
Walsh code

• Walsh code is used to distinguish the user in

forward link

• For IS95A/B, in the reverse, every 6 symbols

correspond to one Walsh code. For example, if the
symbol input is 110011,the output after spreading is
W51 64 (110011=51).

• For CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is

used to define the type of channel (RC 3-9)
 Variable Walsh codes

The different Walsh codes

corresponding to different data rates

W08 =00000000
( W016 ,W816)
W04 =0000
64 W48 =00001111
W02 =00 ( W416 ,W1216 )
W28 =00110011
( W216 ,W1416 )

W68 =00111100
W01 =0 W24 =0011 ( W616 ,W1416 )
32 W18 =01010101
W14 =0101 ( W116,W916 )

W58 =01011010
16 ( W516 ,W1316 )
8 W38 =01100110
4
W12 =01 ( W316 ,W1116 )
2
1

9600 19200 38400 76800 153600 307200 614400 W78 =01101001

W34 =0110 ( W716,W1516 )

Data rate -bps-

 Modulation-QPSK
I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
Cos(2pfct)
I(t)
I Baseband filter

s(t)
A
Q
Baseband filter
Q(t)
Sin(2pfct)
Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps

.
1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system

After being spread, all the forward channels in the same carrier are
modulated by means of QPSK(OQPSK in the reverse), converted
into simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.
 CDMA mobile parameters

 Power Control
 Handoff
 Diversity and RAKE
 Power Control

• Reverse power control

– Open loop power control
– Closed loop power control
• Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
• Outer loop power control
• Forward power control
– Message transmission mode:
• threshold transmission
• periodic transmission
– Closed loop power control
Reverse Open Loop Power Control
• The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by
the following factors:
 Distance from the base station
 Load of the cell

 Circumstance of the code channels

• The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received

power.

BTS
Reverse Open Loop
Power Control
BTS
Mobile BTS

Transmitting
Power
Reverse Closed Loop Power
Control
Power Control Bit

Eb/Nt Value FER Value

BSC
BTS
Change in Eb/Nt Value

Inner Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

 Forward Power Control
Message Transmission Mode

 MS measures the frame quality and

informs the base station to the result
i.e. whether it is in the threshold or
periodical mode. Base station
determines whether to change the
forward transmitting power or not.
 In IS-95 system, the forward power
control is slow but in CDMA2000
system it is fast.
 Forward Closed Loop Power
Control
• Compared with IS-95 system,
CDMA2000 the forward quick
power control isControl
Power fast. Bit

Eb/Nt Value

BTS
 Handoff

• Soft handoff
–It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector

• Softer handoff
–Like the soft handoff, but the handoff is occurred between multi-
sectors in the same base station

• Hard handoff
–Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or
are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data
communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user
communication
 Soft/Softer Handoff
• Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff

• Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoffs

Power received from

a single sector

Combine all the

power from each
sector
 Pilot Set
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset

Active The pilot set, corresponding to the base

Set station being connected

Candidate The pilot set, not in the active set but

Set potential to be demodulated

Neighbor
Set

Remaining
Other pilot sets
Set
T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP

Sector
A Sector
B

Ec/Io
Guard Time(T-TDROP)

Add Threshold
(T_ADD)

DropThreshold
(T_DROP)

Soft Handoff Region

Time

T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff.

T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot.
T_DROP is a timer.
 Comparison Threshold

Pilot P2
T_COMP×0.5dB

Pilot P1

T_ADD

t0 t1 t2
P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set.
P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set.
t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD
t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB
t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB
 Transition Between Pilot Sets
Pilot
strength

Pilot 1 Pilot 2

T_TDROP

T_ADD
T_TDROP

T_DROP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TIME

Neighbor Candidate Active Candidate Neighbor

Set Set Set Set Set
 Transmit Diversity
• Time diversity
– Block interleaving, error-correction
• Frequency diversity
– The CDMA signal energy is distributed on the whole
1.23MHZ bandwidth.
• Space diversity
– The introduction of twin receive antennas .
– The RAKE receivers of the mobile station and the base
station can combine the signals of different time delay.
– During a handoff, the mobile station contacts multiple base
stations and searches for the strongest frame
 Transmission Diversity

• The forward transmission diversity types in

CDMA2000 1X are
– TD (Transmit Diversity)
• OTD (Orthogonal Transmit Diversity)
– The data stream is divided into two parts, which will be
spread by the orthogonal code sequence, and transmitted
by two antennas.
• STS (Space Time Spreading)
– All the forward code channels are transmitted by the multi-
antennas.
– Spread with the quasi-orthogonal code

–Non-TD
 Transmission Diversity

Data stream 1 Pa
th
1
Data stream Restoring data stream
Transmission Antenna 1
diversity
processing

2
Path
Data stream 2

Antenna 2

The Transmission Diversity Technology enhances the receive performance of MS.

The Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1

Correlator 2 Combiner The combined

Receive set signal
Correlator 3

Calculate the
Searcher correlator
time delay and
signal strength
s(t) s(t)

t t

RAKE antennas help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance

the receive performance of the system
 A typical CDMA Network
T9 Di
EIR IP HLR IP ISDN

F T3 T2 T5
T8 T1
MSC SCP SCP SSP PSTN

E Ai

MS Um A Di
BS MSC ISDN

Ai
C B
H D
Q AC HLR VLR

N G

SME SME MC MC VLR

M M M
 CDMA Interfaces
MC/VM Mobile Customer Service Center
PSTN/ISDN
Other MSCs IS-41
SS7 SS7
IS-41

SDH SS7
Other PLMNs
BSC MSC/SSP/VLR GMSC/SSP
IOS4.0 TCP/IP

BTS IS-41
OMC IS-41
INTERNET
MS SCP

IS-41
BTS
HLR/AC STP

MSC: Mobile-service Switching Center BSC: Base Station Controller

MC: Short Message Center HLR: Home Location Register
BTS: Base Transceiver Station VM: Voice Mailbox
VLR: Visitor Location Register OMC: Operation & Maintenance Center
AC: Authentication Center SCP: Service Control Point
 Network Interface
BSSAP
MSC/VLR GMSC
SCCP
MTP
Physical
PSTN
layer
A1/A2
HLR/AuC

BSS SS7 SCP

A10/A11

PDSN HA
A11 A10
signaling service IP
UDP GRE backbon
GPRS IP骨干网
IP IP
e
network
Link layer Link layer
Physical Physical
layer layer

CN
 CDMA Services

Schools, groups
•Universal account number
•Sectorized and time-
shared charge
•Broadcast news

Businesses, enterprises
•Mobile virtual private Family
network •Familiarity number
•Mobile high-speed •Life & amusement
network access
•Advertising services
•Free phone

Individuals
•Individualized services
•Privacy
 CDMA2000---Data Services
2,000 Video Streaming

Still Imaging
Remote
Data rate in Kbps

384 Medical
High-quality
Audio Streaming videoconference Service
144 Sports, news and
weather report on
Text demand
128 Messaging Low-quality videoconference

Voice Mobile TV
64 Image
Electronic
newspaper Video Surveillance,
Voice
Mail JPEG Video Mail, Travel
32 Electronic book Singing room Still Photos E-commerce
Fax E-Mail
9.6
Telephone Data Mobile
(Voice) Radio
0
Weather, transportation, news, sports and securities
 Locating Services

3GPP2 uses the following 3 standards for MS

location:

• GPS-aided measurement
– Accuracy: suburbs---10m.
City zone---30~70m.
Indoor --unable to locate
– Response time: 3~10s
• Measurement of base station pilot phase
– Accuracy: 50~200m
– Response time: 3~6s
• Locating of a cell ID
– Accuracy: depends on the size of a
cell
– Response time: within 3s
 Locating Services

110! Bandit!

• The system transfers the alarm to the nearest

alarm processing center based on the location.
• An emergency button can be set on a user’s
mobile phone to so that an alarm can be
reported without any conversation or delay.
 Review

• Chips rate: 1.2288Mcps

• IS-95A/B is a subset, RC1/RC2
• Apply the coherent demodulation to the reverse pilot channel
• Forward transmit diversity: OTD and STS
• Forward quick power control at 800HZ rate
• Improve the standby time by introducing the quick paging
channel.
• Variable frames: 5ms, 20ms, 40ms and 80ms
• Introduce TURBO code into channel encoding
• The maximum rate of a physical layer is up to 307.2K
 A Simple CDMA 1X BSS Network
CDMA2000 1X
A1/A2
BTS BSS

MS BTS BSC MSC PSTN

BTS
A3/A7
BTS

MS BTS BSC PCF PDSN

Um BTS Abis A8/A9 A10/A11

 Description of Interfaces
• Um interface carries all signaling & services between MS and
BTS over radio links.
• Abis interface carries signaling & services between BTS and
BSC.
• A1 interface carries call control signaling between MSC and BSC.
• A2 interface provides 64kbit/s PCM speech channels between
MSC and BSC.
• A3 interface has two functions: Signaling and traffic. A3 signaling
is used to control and allocate the transmission channels for
user traffic.
 Description of Interfaces
• A7 interface carries signaling between source BSC and
target BSC.
• A8 interface carries user traffic between BSC and PCF.
• A9 interface carries signaling between BSC and PCF.
• A10 interface carries user traffic between PCF and PDSN.
• A11 interface caries signaling between PCF and PDSN.
 A CDMA Network

BTS: Base Transceiver MSC: Mobile Switching

Station Center
BSC: Base Station PDSN: Packet Data Service
Controller Node
PCF: Packet data Control MS: Mobile Station
Function
 Rack Distribution in BSC
Large capacity BSC is divided into following functional blocks. In
general each block corresponds to single subrack. These are:

• CDMA Switch Subrack (CSWS)

• CDMA Integrated Processing Subrack (CIPS)
• CDMA Resource and Packet Subrack (CRPS)
• CDMA Packet Module Subrack (CPMS)
• CLocK processing Module (CLKM)
• CDMA Integrated Management System (CIMS)
 Rack Distribution
E1
To/from MSC CIPS Optical fiber

Ethernet
To / from NMS CIMS
LAN

GE
To / from PDSN CPMS CSWS
Optical fiber

GE
To / from PDSN
CRPS
Optical fiber

CLKM
 Configuration for 120,000
Subscribers
• BHCA: 240k
• Voice traffic volume: 2,400Erl
• Um interface: 54,000TCE (traffic channel element)
• A-interface: 38400CIC,1280E1
• Abis interface: 960E1
•3840 Sector Carriers
•1,200k Voice Subscribers(0.02Erl/sub)
•70,000 PPP connections
•5,000 active PPP connections
•Total flow of packet data: 200Mbps
 Power distribution box Power distribution box

CIPS/ Overview
CSWS CPMS

Cable trough Cable trough

Fan box Fan box
Air guide subrack Air guide subrack CBUR (CDMA
LCD
Lanswitch BUsiness Rack)
Cabling Through
Lanswitch CIPS/
Dummy Panel
Keyboard CPMS
CLKM
BAM though
Cabling Server

CCTR (CDMA BAMBAM

Server
Server Cable trough
Fan box
Controller Rack) Air guide subrack Air guide subrack

CRPS/ CIPS/
CRMS CPMS

Cable trough Cable

Fan box Fan box
trough
Dummy panel Dummy panel
A Wireless Network
BTS3612 Cabinet & Functional Distribution
Power distribution room

Baseband subrack
BB BB B BBB BB B B B BB B BB BBB B
C C C C C C C C RR C C R RC C CC CC R R
I I P P P P P P DD K K D DP P P P P P D D
M MM M M M M M M M
Fan subrack MM MMM MMMMM M M

Fan box 1 Fan box 2

Power subrack
P P P P P
S S S S S
U U U U U

RF subrack

B B B B B B B B B B B B
H T H T H T H T H T H T
P R P R P R P R P R P R
A M A M A M A M A M A M

RLDU RLDU RLDU

CDU/RLDU subrack

CDU CDU/DFU CDU CDU/DFU CDU CDU/DFU

RF subrack
B B B B B B B B B B B B
H T H T H T H T H T H T
P R P R P R P R P R P R
A M A M A M A M A M A M
 Interface Protocol Stack

Abis signaling OML signaling

TCP/IP TCP/IP

IPOA Abis traffic IPOA Command line

AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 TELNET

ATM ATM ATM 802.3 IS-2000.2

Abis signaling Abis traffic OML signaling MMI command Um

 Introduction
• BTS antenna & feeder subsystem consists of two parts:
RF antenna & feeder, and dual-satellite synchronization
antenna & feeder.

• RF antenna & feeder transmits the modulated RF signals

and receives MS signals, while the dual-satellite
synchronization antenna & feeder provides precise
synchronization for CDMA system.
 RF Antenna &Feeder

Sector ¦A

Sector¦A
Sector¦A
Antenna
Inner
Jumper
cable RXD

Feeder TX/RX
MANT

Jumper

BTS cabinet
CDU/DFU
 Dual-satellite Synchronization
Antenna & Feeder
GPS/GLONASS receiving antenna

Jumpe
r
Lighting arrester
Lighting arrester Receiver on
Feeder BCKM

Jumpe
r
Lighting arrester

Inner cable
BTS3612 cabinet

Note: BTS3612 receiver is provided by CLK on BCKM.

Resource Pool 、 Carrier 、 Sector
and Frequency
BTS3612

SECTOR0 BTRM0 BTRM1 BTRM2 BTRM3

SECTOR1 BTRM4 BTRM5 BTRM6 BTRM7

SECTOR2 BTRM8 BTRM9 BTRM10 BTRM11

CARRIER1 CARRIER2 CARRIER 3 CARRIER 4

Resource Resource Resource Resource

Pool1 Pool2 Pool3 Pool4
 Configuration Scheme
Cabinet Configuration Scheme-01 or S1

Basebandframe

F AN F AN
• 1HPA + 1BTRM
P P P P P • 1 DFU/CDU/DDU
S S S S S
U U U U U • 1RLDU
B
H
B
T
B
H
B
T
B
H
B
T
B
H
B
T
B
H
B
T
B
H
B
T
• PSU 1+1 standby
P R P R P R P R P R P R
A X A X A X A X A X A X

RLDU RLDU RLDU

CDU C CD
D U
U CDU CDU CDU CDU
/DFU //D
DF
FU
U /DFU /DFU /DFU /DFU

B B B B B B B B B B B B
H T H H
T H T H T H T H T
P R P P
R P R P R P R P R
A X A A
M A X A X A X A X
 Configuration Scheme
Basebandframe Cabinet Configuration Scheme- S111
F AN F AN

P P P P P
S S S S S
U U U U U

B B B B B B B B B B B B • 3HPA + 3BTRM
H T H T H T H T H T H T
P
A
R
X
P
A
R
X
P
A
R
X
P
A
R
X
P
A
R
X
P
A
R
X • 3CDU/DFU/DDU
RLDU RLDU RLDU • 3RLDU
CDU CDU CDU CDU CDU CDU • PSU1+1 standby
/DFU /DFU /DFU /DFU /DFU /DFU

B B B B B B B B B B B B
H T H H
T H T H H
T H T H H
T
P R P P
R P R P P
R P R P P
R
A X A A
M A X A A
M A X A A
M

Sector 0 Sector 1 Sector 2

 Configuration Scheme
Cabinet Configuration Scheme-S222

Basebandframe

F AN F AN

P P P P P
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
S
U
• 6HPA+6BTR
B B B B B B B B B B B B
M
T T T
•
H H H
P
A
R
X
H
P
H
T
P
R P
A
R
X
H
P
H
T
P
R P
A
R
X
H
P
H
T
P
R 3CDU/DDU
A A
M A A
M A A
M

RLDU RLDU RLDU

• 3RLDU
CDU CDU CDU CDU CDU CDU • PSU
/DFU /DFU /DFU /DFU /DFU /DFU
2+1backup

B B B B B B B B B B B B
H T H H
T H T H H
T H T H H
T
P R P P
R P R P P
R P R P P
R
A X A A
M A X A A
M A X A A
M
 Product Performance (1)
• Abis interface
– Use the IMA technique and support the E1 interface (16E1s)
– Support the E1 mode in SDH
– Support ATM over SDH (compatible interface)

• The traffic and control bus adopt CELLBUS.

– Switching bus
– AAL2 transports the traffic data and AAL5 transports the signaling data
– Bus clock is 25MHz

• External interfaces include:

– RS485 power monitoring interface
– RS485 interface to support the environment monitoring
– External time reference interfaces (RS485 and RS232)
– 10MHz, PP2S interfaces used for instrument testing
Product Performance (2)

Built-in GPS and GLONASS receiver

Built-in testing functions

Perfect heat dissipation: upper and lower ducts

 Product Performance (3)
Technical Features of Power Supply subrack

• Input voltage: -48V

• Output voltage: +25V ± 0.5V ~ +29V±0.5V
• Power modules: 1800W each module 9000W in
total
• Power efficiency: 85%
• Heat dissipation: upper and lower grid with fans
• Hot swappable
• Provides RS485 monitoring interfaces
 Product Performance (4)
Technical Features of RF Module
•Modular architecture
•Each cabinet supports 12 antennas and 6-sectors
application
•BTRM supports the digital intermediate frequency
technology
•BTRM offers the fiber interface to support remote RF
module
•BTRM supports receiving and transmitting diversities
•Each sub-module fulfills the blind mate
•Provides the power monitoring RS485 interface which is
used for remote RF modules
 Product Performance (5)
Technical Features of RF Module

• RF front end adopts the CDU/DFU+RLDU mode

• Each cabinet supports 6 sectors
• Each sector supports the 4FA/2 antenna and space receiving
diversity
• Supports the transmitting diversity
• HPA and BTRM modules with fans follows the combination
structure with front and rear ducts
• Front cabling makes installation and maintenance convenient
 Product Performance (6)
Thermal Design of Integrated Equipment
•The dissipation power of the integrated equipment is about
7000W.
•Thermal design of large power module.
•Front/rear duct and independent duct.
•The distribution structure is adopted to reduce the heat
generation density at certain point.
•Holes at both the front and rear doors for ventilation.
•The small power modules adopt upper and lower ducts to
reduce the number of cascades.
•Automatic speed controller to regulate the fans speed.
 Frequency bands
• 15 frequency bands allocated by FCC
• 2 GHz-40 GHz i.e. higher than cellular
systems
i.e. millimeter wave frequencies
Freq (GHz) Usage
2.15-2.162 Licensed MDS and MMDS, two bands 6MHz each
2.4-2.483 Unlicensed ISM
2.596-2.644 Licensed MMDS, eight bands of 6MHz each
2.65-2.656 Licensed MMDS
2.662-2.668 Licensed MMDS
2.674-2.68 Licensed MMDS
5.725-5.875 Unlicensed ISM-UNII
24-24.25 Unlicensed ISM
24.25-25.25 Licensed
27.5-28.35 Licensed LMDS (Block A)
29.1-29.25 Licensed LMDS (Block A)
31-31.075 Licensed LMDS (Block B)
31.075-31.225 Licensed LMDS (Block A)
31.225-31.3 Licensed LMDS (Block B)
38.6-40.0 Licensed
 Propagation considerations
• Millimeter wave range used is defined as frequencies above
10 GHz up to 300 GHz
• Because:
– Availability of wide unused frequency bands above 25 GHz
– Wide channel bandwidths available for high data rates at higher
frequencies
– Small size transceivers with adaptive antennas can be used
 Disadvantages of millimeter range
• Free space loss increases with the square
of frequency
• Attenuation due to rainfall and
atmospheric absorption is significant after
10 GHz
• Multi-path losses are high because:
 Because:
• Reflection occurs when an EM signal encounters a
surface larger relative to the wavelength of the
signal
• Scattering occurs if the size of obstacle is of the
order of the wavelength of the signal
• Diffraction occurs if wave front encounters the edge
of the obstacle that is large compared to wavelength
 Fresnel zone
• Space around the direct path between
transmitter and receiver that should be
clear of obstacles

• Basis:
– Any small element of space in the path of EM
wave may be considered as the source of a
secondary wavelet. Radiated field is build up
by superposition of these wavelets
 Fresnel zone (contd.)
• Objects lying within a series of concentric
circles around the direct line of sight
between two transceivers have
constructive or destructive effects on
communication
• Objects falling in the first circle have the
most negative effect
 Fresnel zone (contd.)

R= λSD
√ S+D

S=Distance from transmitter

D=Distance from receiver
λ=Wavelength of signal
S,R and D are in same units
 or

Rm =17.3 Skm Dkm

√ fGHz (Skm +Dkm )

S and D are distances in Km,

R is in meters
f is in Giga Hertz
Attenuation due to Fresnel zone is
negligible if :

• Obstruction does not lie within 0.6

times the radius of first Fresnel
zone
ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION
• Molecular absorption significant above 10 GHz
• Peak of water vapor absorption at 22 GHz
• Oxygen absorption peak is at 60 GHz
• So, favorable window is in between 28-42 GHz
with attenuation of the order of 0.13dB/km
• Another favorable window is between 75 GHz-
95 GHz with attenuation of the order of
0.4dB/km
 Effect of rain
• Rain severely degrades the performance of
communication links
• It out-weighs all other factors
• Depends upon drop shape, size, rain rate and
frequency
A=aRb
R= rate of rain
A=attenuation measured in dB/km
a & b depend upon distribution of drop sizes and frequency
 Temperature dependency of air
absorption at 28 GHz
Relative humidity

0% 50% 100%
00 0.02 0.05 0.08
100 0.02 0.08 0.14
Temp (0C)
200 0.02 0.12 0.25
300 0.02 0.2 0.44
400 0.01 0.33 0.79
Values of a and b for horizontal and
vertically polarized EM waves
Freq(GHz) ah av bh bv
1 .0000387 .0000352 0.912 0.880
2 0.000154 .000138 0.963 0.923
6 0.00175 0.00155 1.308 1.265
10 0.0101 0.00887 1.276 1.264
20 0.0751 0.0691 1.099 1.065
30 0.187 0.167 1.021 1.000
40 0.350 0.310 0.939 0.929
50 0.536 0.479 0.873 0.868
 Effect of vegitation
• Trees can cause multipath fading due to
diffraction and scattering
• Attenuation of:
– Regularly planted orchards is 12-20dB
– Deciduous trees up to 40dBs
– Conifer trees 1 to 3dBs
• If foliage lies within 60% of first fresnel zone
 Presence of trees does not
preclude communication,
• So methods like forward error correction
should be employed
 WLL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES
1. ANALOG CELLULAR
2. DIGITAL CELLULAR
3. PERSONAL COMMUNCATIONS
SERVICES / NETWORK (PCS/PCN)
4. DIGITAL CORDLESS SYSTEMS
5. PROPRIETARY IMPLEMENTATIONS
 1. Analog Cellular

• Three of its system types operating in the world, AMPS and NAMPS with 69% of
subscribers, while TACS has 23% and NMT has only 8%.
• These systems use conventional FM on either 25 or 30 kHz channels in 800 or
900MHz mobile bands. Most recently AMPS operate in 1800-2000MHz band.
• Best suited to serve low or medium density markets, with long range up to 70km, with
fixed units having high gain antennas.
• Narrow band analog transmission results in low speed.
• Since the access method is FDMA, the subscriber unit cannot support more than one
line per radio tranceiver.

• Relatively low capacity in terms of number of channels.

 AMPS Parameters
• 869 to 894 MHz
• Base Station Transmission band
• Mobile unit transmission band
• 824 to 849 MHz
• Spacing between forward and • 45 MHz
reverse channels
• Channel bandwidth • 30 KHz
• Number of full duplex voice • 790
channels
• Mobile unit maximum power • 3 watts
• 2 to 20 Km
• Cell size, radius
• FM, 12 KHz peak deviation
• Modulation voice channel • FSK, 8 KHz peak deviation
• Modulation, control channel • 10 Kbps
• Data transmission rate • BCH (48,36,5) and (40,28,5)

• Error control coding

 2. Digital Cellular
• Major worldwide digital cellular standards include GSM, D-AMPS (American) & GSM/DCS
(European), TDMA and CDMA.
• It is forecasted that approximately one-third of the installed WLL will use digital cellular

technology in the year 2000.

• Digital cellular can support higher capacity and better functionality than analog cellular and
wireline networks.
• Digital cellular systems are encrypted and provide high speech security with no impact on quality.
• Both DAMPS and GSM use TDMA and support multiple lines from a single subscriber unit.
• Some of these systems has general confusion over industry standards.
• GSM currently dominates mobile cellular industry, but there has been little activity in using GSM
as a WLL platform.
 TDMA and Point to Multipoint Systems

• These System are relatively well suited for rural use, because they provides
service coverage over a wide area.
• TDMA standards are IS-54 and IS-136, triples the capacity of cellular
frequencies, by dividing a 30 kHz cellular channel into 3 timeslots.
• Proven and reliable technology.

• Designed to support subscribers in sparsely populated rural areas.

• A typical base station has 30 or 60 traffic channels and could support 256 to
1800 residential subscribers respectively.
• Relatively long range (over 70km) but requires a line-of-sight path between
RBS and all subscriber units.
 Digital Cellular
GSM IS-136 IS-95
Year Introduced 1990 1991 1993
Access Method TDMA TDMA CDMA
Base Station Transmission band 935 to 960 869 to 894 869 to 894
Mobile Station Transmission band 890 to 915 824 to 849 824 to 849
Spacing between forward and rev. 45 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz
Channel bandwidth 200 KHz 30 KHz 1250 KHz
Number of duplex channels 125 832 20
Mobile unit maximum power 20 W 3W 0.2 W
Users per channel 8 3 35
Modulation GMSK Pi/4 DQPSK QPSK
Carrier bit rate 270.8 Kbps 48.6 Kbps 9.6 Kbps
Speech coder RPE-LTP VSELP QCELP
Speech coding bit rate 13 Kbps 8 Kbps 8,4,2,1 K
Frame size 4.6 ms 40 ms 20 ms
Error control coding Conv 1/2 Conv 1/2 Conv 1/2f,1/3r
 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

• CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology, it spreads the information contained in a

particular signal over a much greater bandwidth than the original signal.
• A CDMA call starts with a standard rate of 9.6kb/s. This is then spread to a
transmitted rate of about 1.23 Mb/s.
• It offers 3-6 times more capacity than the other digital standards and 10-15 times
greater than analog cellular.
• Improved spectral efficiency in a multi-cell environment - mainly due to interferer
diversity.
• Flexible cell sizes and service provisions - for a given data rate, range is increased as
traffic density is reduced.
• Speech delay can be minimized - fast power control tracks and minimize fading.
• Multi-path fading is reduced due to inherent frequency diversity, which is common in
mountainous terrain and dense urban areas.
• CDMA-WLL based on new US cdma-One (IS-95) standard is presently used.
 3. Personal Communications Services/
Network (PCS/PCN)
• PCS starts to operate in the 1800 MHz frequency band. PCS/PCN incorporates
elements of digital cellular and cordless standards as well as newly developed RF
protocols.
• Its purpose is to offer low-mobility wireless service using low-power antennas.
• The main weakness of PCS/PCN is that it is not yet commercially available.
• The candidate standards are CDMA, TDMA, GSM, personal access communication
systems (PACS), Personal handyphone system (PHS), and digital cordless telephone
United States (DCT-U).
• PHS technology and terminal equipment reduces the WLL system cost as it uses
32kb/s ADPCM voice coding system.
• PHS-WLL system is superior in terms of speech quality and economy for urban and

suburban applications. It also offers extensibility to mobile service in the future.

 4. Digital Cordless Systems
• CT2 (Cordless telephone 2nd generation) and DECT (Digital Enhanced / European
cordless telephone systems are its types.
• CT2 provides the user with a single 32kb/s duplex channel, but it has not been
universally adopted.
DECT
• DECT is a picocellular wireless system for very dense subscriber environments where
demand per km is high and cell coverage area is not a critical requirement.
• DECT supports ISDN services and also comprehensive security provisions including
authentication and encryption.
• The DECT radio interface is based on TDMA technology. It operates over 10 radio

carriers in the 1880 to 1900 MHz band.

• It uses dynamic channel selection, an automated frequency-planning mechanism,
which provides least interference from neighboring cells.
 Comparison of DECT and PWT
• DECT • PWT
• 20 MHz bandwidth • 20 MHz bandwidth
• 1.88 to 1.9 GHz band • 1.91 to 1.92GHz band
• TDD/TDMA/FDMA • TDD/TDMA/FDMA
• 1.25 MHz
• 1.728 MHZ carrier
bandwidth
• 10 number of carriers • 8
• 12 channels per carrier • 12
• 120
• Number of channels,120
• 1.152
• Transmitted data rate:
1.152Mbps
• Speech rate:32 Kbps • 32 Kbps
Comparison of DECT and PWT
• Speech coding: • ADPCM
ADPCM
• Modulation: Gaussian • Pi/4 DQPSK
FSK
• Peak output power: • 90 mW
250 mW
• Maximum cell radius:
• 30 to 100 meters
30 to 100 meters
 DECT
• System has frequency reuse limitations, so the maximum number of voice channels
available for a single cell site in a multi-cell environment is 60.
• DECT system transmits at low power using low antenna heights.
• DECT does not appear to be ideally suited for long range rural or low-density
applications.
• Its normal range is 3-5 Km with a capacity up to 100,000 subscribers per km2.
• As compared to cellular technology, DECT is capable of carrying higher levels of
traffic and data.
• The micro-cell architecture of DECT allows it to be deployed in smaller increments
that more closely match the subscriber demand, with reduced initial capital
requirements.
 5. Proprietary Implementations

• These systems are considered proprietary because they are not available
on public wireless networks and are typically customized for a specific
application.

• They generally do not provide mobility, and are most effective in terms of

time and cost.

• Proprietary systems like broadband CDMA and fixed radio access are
designed from vendors like Interdigital, Ionica and NORTEL. Equipment
providers include corporate giants such as Motorola, Ericsson, Lucent,
Siemens, NEC, Qualcomm and Hughes Network Systems as well as many
other smaller companies
 OFDM
• Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
• Also called Multi carrier modulation
• Sending some of the bits on each channel
• All sub channels are dedicated to a single
data source
 Suppose we have:
• Data stream operating at R bps
• Available bandwidth is N∆f centered at f0
• Entire bandwidth used to send data stream for which
each bit duration is 1/R
• Alternatively split the data stream to N sub-streams
using serial to parallel converter
• Each sub-stream has a data rate of R/N bps
transmitted on a separate carrier
• Spacing between individual sub-carriers is ∆f
• Now the bit duration is N/R
 Advantages of OFDM:
• Frequency selective fading only affects a few channels
and not the whole signal so it can be easily handled by
forward error correction techniques
• OFDM can handle Inter-symbol interference in
multipath environment
– ISI is more effective at higher bit rates as the distance
between the bits is smaller
– OFDM reduces the data rate by a factor of N thus symbol
period increases by the factor N so effect of ISI is reduced
– So equalizers do not remain essential
 Modulation scheme for OFDM

• QPSK
– There are two bits representing one symbol
 MMDS
• Multichannel multipoint Distribution service
• Occupies 6 MHz made up of 512 individual carriers
with carrier saparation of 12 kHz
• Data transmitted in bursts
• Cyclic prefix attached to each burst to reduce
transients from previous bursts caused by multipath
 MMDS (contd.)
• 64 symbols constitute cyclic prefix
• Followed by 512 QPSK symbols per burst
• So on each sub-channel, QPSK symbols are
separated by a prefix of duration 64/512 symbol
times
• By the time prefix is over, the resulting waveform
is independent of the previous burst
• So ISI is nil
 MMDS contd.
• Frequency range 2.15 GHz to 2.68 GHz
– 2.15-2.162 and 2.4-2.4835 GHz bands called
Multipoint distribution service for 6MHz TV
broadcast.
– In 1996 FCC increased the allocation up to
2.68 GHz for MMDS
– MMDS is used to provide TV service where
broadcast TV or cable can not reach in rural
areas
– So, MMDS is also called wireless cable
 MMDS contd.
• Range: 50km
• MMDS also used for two-way broad band
data services and Internet access
 Disadvantages of MMDS
• Lesser bandwidth than LMDS
• Data rates:
– 27 Mbps for up-stream per channel
– 300kbps to 3 Mbps individual subscriber rates

Used by residential or small business

customers
 Advantages of MMDS over LMDS
• Larger wavelengths i.e.10cm or more, so
travel farther, so larger cells
• Less expensive equipment than LMDS
• Signals more susceptible to rain
absorption
• Signals do not get easily blocked by
objects
 LMDS
• Local Multipoint Distribution service
• TV and two way broadband
communication
• Millimeter frequencies
• At 30 GHz in USA and 40 GHz in Europe
 Advantages of LMDS
• High data rates i.e. in Mbps
• Capability of video, telephony and data
• Lower cost than cable alternatives
 Disadvantage

• SHORT RANGE
 Antenna coverage
• 600 to 900 coverage sector so 4 to 6 antennas
required for full coverage
• Typical radius of 2 to 4 km
• Per customer data rates:
– 1 Mbps upstream
– 36 Mbps down stream
• Buildings, trees and foliage affect the communication
too much so overlapping cells or the use of repeaters
and reflectors is required
FIXED WIRELESS BROADBAND
ACCESS
• STANDARD

– IEEE 802.16

• Working group developed in 1999

 CHARTER OF IEEE 802.16
• Use of microwave or millimeter wave radio for
wireless links
• Use of licensed spectrum
• Standards of metropolitan scale
• Provide public network service to fee paying
customers
• Point to multipoint architecture for roof top or
tower mounted antennas
• Efficient transport of heterogeneous traffic with
QoS
• Broad band capability i.e. >2 Mbps
 IEEE 802.16 working groups
• IEEE 802.16.1:
• Air Interface for 10 to 66 GHz
• IEEE 802.16.2:
• Co-existance of Broadband wireless access
systems
• IEEE 802.16.3:
• Air Interface for licensed frequencies 2 GHz to 11
GHz