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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS

Standards, Codes and Specifications
1. Standard
A Standard can be defined as a set of technical definitions and guidelines
that function as instructions for designers, manufacturers, operators, or
users of equipment.

2. Code
A standard becomes a Code when it has been adopted by one or more
governmental bodies and is enforceable by law, or when it has been
incorporated into a business contract.

3. Specifications
Specifications cover requirements for voluntary adoption and no
enforcement is meant unless they are agreed upon between procuring
agency and contractor as spelled out in a Purchase Order. One could say
that Welding-codes are essentially enforced Specifications.
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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
Products Utilizing Welding Specifications
1. Pressure Vessels
2. Nuclear Reactor
3. Piping and Pipe lines
4. Buildings and bridges
5. Storage Tanks and vessels
6. Ships, barges, offshore drill rigs
7. Railroad rolling stock
8. Aircraft and spacecraft
9. Automotive and trucks
10. Construction and Agricultural Equipment
11. Industrial Machinery
12. Shipping Container
13. Ordnance Material
14. Non Structural Sheet Metal Components and systems
15. Miscellaneous Equipment
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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
Products Utilizing Welding Specifications
1. Pressure Vessels ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code
i. Section I Rules for construction of Power Boilers
ii. Section II Material Specification (Four sub-sections)
iii. Section III Nuclear Power Plant Components
iv. Section IV Heating Boilers
v. Section V Non Destructive Examination
vi. Section VI Recommended Rules for care and operation of heating
boilers
vii. Section VII Recommended Rules for care of Power Boilers
viii. Section VIII Pressure Vessels (Div I and Div II)
ix. Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
x. Section X Fiber Glass Reinforced plastic pressure vessel
xi. Section XI Rules for inservice inspection of nuclear reactor coolant
system

Code Symbol Stamps (N Nuclear Vessel, PP Pressure Piping, U Pressure
Vessel, S Power Boilers, H Heating Boilers)
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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
Products Utilizing Welding Specifications
2. Piping
i. B 31.1 Power Piping
ii. B 31.2 Fuel Gas Piping
iii. B 31.3 Process Piping
iv. B 31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons
and other Liquids
v. B 31.5 Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components
vi. B 31.8 Gas Transportation and Distribution Piping System
vii. B 31.8S Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipeline
viii. B 31.9 Building Services Pakistan
ix. B 31.11 Slurry Transportation Piping System
x. B 31G Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded
Pipelines



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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
Products Utilizing Welding Specifications
3. Nuclear Reactors
Section III ASME BPV code (Material Specification)
Quality Assurance Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants and Fuel Reprocessing Plants Code of
Federal Regulations, Section 10, Energy Part 50
Standard for welding of Reactor Coolant and Associated Systems and Components for
Naval Nuclear Power Plants, Department of defense Naval Ship Division
4. Building and Bridges
City Code and Specifications
AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code Steel
AWS D1.2 Structural Welding Code Aluminum
AWS D1.4 Code for Welding Reinforcing Steel
AWS D1.5 Bridge Welding Code
AISC Manual of Steel Construction Allowable Stress Design (American Institute of Steel
Construction)
5. Storage Tanks and Vessel
AWS D5.2 Standard for Welded Steel Elevated Tanks, Stand Pipes and Reservoir for Water
Storage
API 650 Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
Products Utilizing Welding Specifications
6. Ships
AWS D3.5 Guide for Steel Hull Welding
AWS D3.7 Guide for Aluminum Hull Welding
US Coast Guard, Department of Transportation Marine Engineering Regulations
US Department of Navy, Naval Ship Systems Command, Fabrication, Welding and
Inspection of Ship Hulls
US Maritime Administration, Standard Specification for Merchant Ship Construction
7. Railroad Rolling Stock
Association of American Rail Roads Specification for Tank Cars
Association of American Rail Roads Specification for Design, Fabrication and Construction
of Freight Cars
AWS D15.1 Railroad Welding Specification
8. Aircraft and Spacecraft
SAE Aerospace Material Specifications
Aerospace Industries Association of America, National Aerospace Standards
MIL Standard MIL-T-1595A Qualification of Aircraft, Missile and Aerospace Fusion Welders
9. Automotive and Trucks
AWS D8.7Recommended Practices for Automotive Weld Quality Resistance Spot Quality

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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
Products Utilizing Welding Specifications
10. Construction Equipment
AWS D14.3 Specification for Welding Industrial and Mill Cranes and Other Material
Handling Equipment
11. Industrial Machinery
AWS D14.2 Specification for Welding Metal Cutting Machine Tool Weldments
AWS D14.4 Classification and Application of Welded Joints for Machinery and Equipment
AWS D14.5 Specifications for Welding Presses and Press Components
AWS D14.6 Specifications for Rotating Elements of Equipment

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Reliability in Weldments Procedure and Performance Qulaifications
1. Refer to a relevant standard for
a. Type of tests required for qualification
b. Details of test coupons
c. Location and details of specimen etc
2. Common Standards providing such details are as under
a. ASME BPV code Section IX ie Welding and Brazing
Qualifications
b. AWS B3.0 Welding Procedure and Performance Qualification
c. AWS B4.0 Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds
3. Common Standards for Fabrication
a. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (BPV) Code
b. ASME B31 Pressure Piping Code
c. ASNI/AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code

INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
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Procedure and Welder Qualifications
1. ASME SEC IX
i. Part QW - Welding
ii. Part QB - Brazing
2. Part QW - Welding
i. Article I Welding General Requirements
ii. Article II Welding Procedure Qualifications
iii. Article III Welding Performance Qualification
iv. Article IV Welding Data
INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
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A Review of ASME Sec IX Test Requirements
1. Article I Welding General Requirements
i. QW 120 Test Positions for Groove Welds
ii. QW 130 Test Positions for Fillet Welds
iii. QW 140 Types and Purpose of Tests and Examinations
iv. QW 150 ~190 Tension Tests, Bend Tests etc
*** Welding Variables & Acceptance Criteria
2. Article II Welding Procedure Qualifications
i. QW 200 General
ii. QW 210 Preparation of Test Coupons
iii. QW 250 Welding Variables
3. Article III Welding Performance Qualification
i. QW 310 Qualification Test coupons
ii. QW 320 Retests and Renewal of Qualifications
4. Article IV Welding Data
1. QW 450 Specimen
2. QW 460 Graphics
INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
Weld Reliability
1. Key to maintaining reliability in weldments (ASME Sec IX)

i. Welding Procedure Specifications : A WPS is a written qualified welding
procedure prepared to provide direction for making production welds to Code
requirements. The completed WPS shall describe all of the essential,
nonessential, and, when required, supplementary essential variables for each
welding process used in the WPS

ii. Procedure Qualification Record : A PQR is a record of the welding data used
to weld a test coupon. The PQR is a record of variables recorded during the
welding of the test coupons. It also contains the test results of the tested
specimens. Recorded variables normally fall within a small range of the actual
variables that will be used in production welding.

iii. Welder/Welding Operator Performance Qualification : the basic criterion
established for welder qualification is to determine the welders ability to deposit
sound weld metal. The purpose of the performance qualification test for the
welding operator is to determine the welding operators mechanical ability to
operate the welding equipment.

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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
Weld Reliability
1. Welding Variables:
i. Essential Variables. are those in which a change, as described in the
specific variables, is considered to affect the mechanical properties of the
weldment, and shall require requalification of the WPS.

ii. Supplementary essential variables are required for metals for which other
Sections specify notch-toughness tests and are in addition to the essential
variables for each welding process.

iii. Nonessential variables are those in which a change, as described in the
specific variables, may be made in the WPS without requalification.
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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
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INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS
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A Review of ASME Sec IX Example Problem
1. You have finalized a contract with one of your customers for the fabrication
of a pressure vessel, design being provided by customer design department.
Design engineers have specified a 6 mm minimum thickness for plates. Both
groove and fillet welds are required. Under the terms of contract all
construction should conform to ASME BPV code.
i. Which sections you must refer to for qualification of welding procedure
and welders
ii. What type and number of tests are required
iii. Where do you get information about size of test of coupons and order of
removal for test specimen
iv. Where do you find the acceptance criteria for tested specimen

The customer concludes another contract for the fabrication of a pressure
vessel under BPV code, using similar material but a thickness of 8mm.
i. What types and number of tests you must perform
INTRODUCTION TO WELDING CODES, STANDARDS