Work and Energy

Physics 100 Chapt 5

Physicists definition of work
dist
Work = F x dist

dist

Atlas holds up the Earth
But he doesnt move,
dist

= 0
Work= Fx dist

= 0
He doesnt do any work!
Garcon does work when
he picks up the tray
but not while he
carries it around
the room
dist is not zero,
but dist

is 0
Why this definition?
Newtons 2
nd
law: F=m a
Definition of work
+ a little calculus
Work= change in mv
2
This scalar quantity is given
a special name: kinetic energy
Work = change in KE
This is called:

the Work-Energy Theorem
Units again
Kinetic Energy = mv
2
kg
m
2
s
2
work = F x dist

N m =kg
m

s
2
m
=1Joule
same!
Work done by gravity
start
end
dist dist

W=mg
Work = F x dist

= -mg x change in height

= -change in mg h

change in
vertical height
Gravitational Potential Energy
Work
grav
= -change in mgh
This is called:
Gravitational Potential
Energy (or PE
grav
)
Work
grav
= -change in PE
grav
change in PE
grav
= -Work
grav
If gravity is the only force
doing work.
-change in mgh = change in mv
2
0 = change in mgh + change in mv
2
change in (mgh + mv
2
) = 0
mgh + mv
2
= constant
Work-energy theorem:
Conservation of energy
mgh + mv
2
= constant
Gravitational
Potential energy
Kinetic energy
If gravity is the only force that does work:
PE + KE = constant
Energy is conserved
Free fall
(reminder)
V
0
= 0
t = 0s
V
1
= 10m/s
t = 1s
V
2
= 20m/s
t = 2s
V
3
= 30m/s
t = 3s
V
4
= 40m/s
t = 4s
75m
60m
35m
0m
height
80m
m=1kg free falls from 80m
V
0
= 0 h
0
=80m
t = 0s
V
1
= 10m/s; h
1
=75m
t = 1s
V
2
= 20m/s; h
2
=60m 600J 200J 800J
t = 2s
V
3
= 30m/s; h
3
=35m 350J 450J 800J
t = 3s
V
4
= 40m/s; h
4
=0 0 800J 800J
t = 4s
mgh mv
2
sum
800J 0 800J
750J 50J
800J
pendulum
W=mg
T
Two forces: T and W
T is always

to the motion
(& does no work)
Pendulum conserves energy
h
max
E=mgh
max
E=mgh
max
E=1/2 m(v
max
)
2
Roller coaster
Work done by a spring
Relaxed
Position
F=0
F
x
I compress
the spring

(I do + work;
spring does
-work)
Work done by spring = - change in kx
2
Spring Potential Energy
Work
spring
= -change in kx
2
This is the:
Springs Potential
Energy (or PE
spring
)
Work
spring
= -change in PE
spring
change in PE
spring
= -
Work
spring
If spring is the only force doing
work.
-change in kx
2
= change in mv
2
0 = change in kx
2
+ change in mv
2
change in ( kx
2
+ mv
2
) = 0
kx
2
+ mv
2
= constant
Work-energy theorem:
Conservation of energy
springs & gravity
mgh + kx
2
+ mv
2
= constant
Gravitational
potential energy
Kinetic energy
If elastic force & gravity are the only force doing work:
PE
grav
+ PE
spring
+ KE = constant
Energy is conserved
spring
potential energy
example
KineticE
Spring PE
grav PE
Two types of forces:
Conservative forces
forces that do + & work

Gravity

Elastic (springs, etc)


Electrical forces


Dissipative forces
forces that only do work

Friction

Viscosity

.

-work
change in PE
-work heat
(no potential energy.)
(-)Work done by frictionheat
Thermal atomic motion
Heat energy= KE and PE associated with
the random thermal motion of atoms
Air solid
Work-energy theorem
(all forces)
Work
fric
= change in (PE+KE)
Work done
dissipative
Forces
(always -)
Kinetic
energy
-Work
fric
= change in heat energy
potential energy
From all
Conservative forces
-change in Heat Energy =
change in (PE+KE)
Work
fric
= -change in heat energy
Work Energy Theorem
(all forces)
0 = change in Heat Energy +
change in (PE+KE)
0 = change in (Heat Energy+PE+KE)
Heat Energy + PE + KE = constant
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy conversion while skiing
Friction: energy gets
converted to heat
Potential energy
Potential energykinetic energy
Units again
Heat units:
1 calorie = heat energy required to raise the
temp of 1 gram of H
2
O by 1
o
C
1 calorie= 4.18 Joules
Kg m
2
/s
2
Food Calories
1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 1Kcalorie
1 Calorie= 4.18x10
3
Joules
The Calories you read on food labels
8 x 10
5
J
7 x 10
6
J
2 x 10
6
J
Power
Rate of using energy:
amout of energy
elapsed time
Units:
Joule
second
1 = 1 Watt
Power =
A 100 W light bulb
consumes 100 J of
electrical energy each
second to produce light
Other units
Over a full day, a work-horse can
have an average work output of
more than 750 Joules each second
1 Horsepower = 750 Watts
Kilowatt hours
energy
time
Power = energy = power x time
power unit x time unit = energy unit
Elec companies use:
Kilowatts
(10
3
W)
hours
(3600 s)
1 kilowatt-hour = 1kW-hr

= 10
3

W x 3.6x10
3
s = 3.6x10
6
Ws

J

HECO charges us about 15 cents /kW-hr
x