Hydro Power

Group No.02
3rd year(6th term) Mechanical Engg.
UCE&T,BZU
Multan

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Contents

• Introduction
• Scale of Hydro Power Production
• Hydro Power Design
• Turbine Design
• Hydro Power Calculations
• Environmental Impacts

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Introduction

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 World Energy
Sources

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hydropower.org
 Hydrologic
Cycle

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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html
Hydro Power
• Hydro Power, Hydraulic Power or Water Power is the power that
is derived from the force or energy of moving water, which may
be harnessed for useful purposes.
• Hydro Power can be converted into Mechanical Power to
operate machines like Water Mills, Textile Machines, Sawmills,
Dock Cranes, Domestic Lifts, Irrigation etc.
• Hydro Power can be converted into Electric Power indirectly.

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Water
Wheels

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 Early Roman Water
Mill

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Early Norse Water
Mill

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Fourneyron’s
Turbine

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Early Irrigation
Waterwheel

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Hydro Power to Electric
Power

Electrical
Potential Energy
Energy
Electricity

Kinetic
Energy

Mechanical
Energy

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Gravitational Mechanical Electrical

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Scale of Hydro Power
Projects

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Scale of Hydropower
Projects
• Large-hydro
– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
• Medium-hydro
– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
• Small-hydro
– 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
• Mini-hydro
– Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
– Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
• Micro-hydro
– From 5kW up to 100 kW
– Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in
remote areas away from the grid.
• Pico-hydro
– From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
– Remote areas away from the grid.

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 Micro Run-of-River
Hydropower

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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
 Micro Hydro Power
Example

Used in remote locations in northern Canada

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http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofr
Large Hydro Power
Example

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 World
Hydropower

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Regional Hydropower
Potential

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
Hydropower Design

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Terminology (Jargon)

• Head
– Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to
release its stored energy.
– The difference between these elevations (the water levels in
the forebay and the tailbay) is called head
• Dams: three categories
– high-head (800 or more feet)
– medium-head (100 to 800 feet)
– low-head (less than 100 feet)
• Power is proportional to the product of
head x flow

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Parts of Hydro Electric Plant
1. Dam. Raises the water level of the river to create falling water. Also
controls the flow of water. The reservoir that is formed is, in effect,
stored energy.
2. Turbine. The force of falling water pushing against the turbine's
blades causes the turbine to spin. A water turbine is much like a
windmill, except the energy is provided by falling water instead of
wind. The turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into
mechanical energy.
3. Generator. Connected to the turbine by shafts and possibly gears
so when the turbine spins it causes the generator to spin also.
Converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electric
energy. Generators in hydropower plants work just like the
generators in other types of power plants.

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 Types of
Hydroelectric
Installation

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
Types of Systems

1. Impoundment Dam
2. Diversion or run-of-river systems
3. Pumped Storage

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1: Impoundment Dam

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 Conventional Impoundment
Dam

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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
 Hoover Dam
(US)

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http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg
 Itaipú Dam (Brazil &
Paraguay)

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“Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org
Three Gorges Dam
(China)

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 Grand Coulee Dam
(US)

www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html
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 World’s Largest Dams
Name Country Year Max Annual
Generation Production

Three Gorges China 2009 18,200 MW

Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 12,600 MW 93.4 TW-hrs

Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW 46 TW-hrs

Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hrs

Sayano Russia 1983 6,400 MW

Shushenskaya
Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW
Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW 35 TW-hrs
Ranked by maximum power.
Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW 11.3 TW-hrs

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“Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org
2: Diversion(Run-of-River)

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Diversion (Run-of-River)
Hydropower

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 Diversion Hydropower (Tazimina,
Alaska)

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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html
3: Pumped Storage

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Pumped Storage Schematic

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 Pumped Storage System

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Cabin Creek Pumped Hydro
(Colorado)
• Completed 1967
• Capacity – 324 MW
– Two 162 MW units
• Purpose – energy storage
– Water pumped uphill at night
• Low usage – excess base load capacity
– Water flows downhill during day/peak periods
– Helps Xcel to meet surge demand
• E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days
• Typical efficiency of 70 – 85%

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Cruachan Pumped Storage
(Scotland)

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Pumped Storage Power
Spectrum

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Turbine Design

Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Pelton Turbine
Turgo Turbine
New Designs

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Classification of Hydro
Turbines
• Reaction Turbines
– Derive power from pressure drop across turbine
– Totally immersed in water
– Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power
– Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines
• Impulse Turbines
– Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets
– No pressure drop across turbines
– Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines

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 Types of Hydropower
Turbines

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Schematic of Francis
Turbine

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Francis Turbine Cross-
Section

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Small Francis Turbine &
Generator

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"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
 Francis Turbine – Grand
Coulee Dam

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"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
 Fixed-Pitch Propeller
Turbine

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"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
 Kaplan Turbine Schematic

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"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
 Kaplan Turbine Cross
Section

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"Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com
 Vertical Kaplan Turbine
Setup

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Horizontal Kaplan Turbine

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Pelton Wheel Turbine

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Turgo Turbine

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Fish Friendly Turbine Design

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www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_rd.html
 Turbine Design Ranges

• Kaplan 2 < H < 40  

10 < H < 350
• Francis
50 < H < 1300
• Pelton 50 < H < 250
• Turgo
(H = head in meters)

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Turbine Ranges of
Application

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Turbine Design
Recommendations
Head Pressure
High Medium Low

Impulse Pelton Crossflow Crossflow

Turgo Turgo
Multi-jet Multi-jet Pelton
Pelton
Reactio Francis Propeller
n Pump-as- Kaplan
Turbine
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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
Hydro Power Calculations

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 Efficiency of Hydropower
Plants
• Hydropower is very efficient
– Efficiency = (electrical power delivered to the
“busbar”) ÷ (potential energy of head water)
• Typical losses are due to
– Frictional drag and turbulence of flow
– Friction and magnetic losses in turbine &
generator
• Overall efficiency ranges from 75-95%

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Hydropower Calculations

P = g ×η × Q × H
P ≅ 10 ×η × Q × H

• P = power in kilowatts (kW)

• g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s2)
∀η = turbo-generator efficiency (0<n<1)
• Q = quantity of water flowing (m3/sec)
• H = effective head (m)
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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
 Example 1a
Consider a mountain stream with an effective head
of 25 meters (m) and a flow rate of 600 liters (ℓ)
per minute. How much power could a hydro plant
generate? Assume plant efficiency (η ) of 83%.

• H = 25 m
• Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec
Q = 0.01 m3/sec
∀ η = 0.83

• P ≅ 10η QH = 10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075

P ≅ 2.1 kW

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003
Example 1b
How much energy (E) will the hydro plant
generate each year?

• E = P×t
E = 2.1 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 18,396 kWh annually

About how many people will this energy support

(assume approximately 3,000 kWh / person)?

• People = E÷3000 = 18396/3000 = 6.13

• About 6 people
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Economics of Hydropower

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 Production Expense
Comparison

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Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm
Environmental Impacts

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Impacts of Hydroelectric
Dams

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Ecological Impacts
• Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species
• Degradation of upstream catchments areas due to inundation of
reservoir area
• Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases
• Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream services
• Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding
• Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients
• Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbines
– Creation of new wetland habitat
– Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new reservoirs

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Environmental and Social
Issues
• Land use – inundation and displacement of people
• Impacts on natural hydrology
– Increase evaporative losses
– Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles
– Sedimentation/silting
• Impacts on biodiversity
– Aquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammals
• Water chemistry changes
– Mercury, nitrates, oxygen
– Bacterial and viral infections
• Tropics
• Seismic Risks
• Structural dam failure risks

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Hydropower – Pros and Cons
Positive Negative
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, Frequently involves impoundment of
NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates large amounts of water with loss of
habitat due to land inundation
Renewable resource with high Variable output – dependent on rainfall
conversion efficiency to electricity (80+ and snowfall
%)
Dispatchable with storage capacity Impacts on river flows and aquatic
ecology, including fish migration and
oxygen depletion
Usable for base load, peaking and Social impacts of displacing indigenous
pumped storage applications people
Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Health impacts in developing countries
Low operating and maintenance costs High initial capital costs
Long lifetimes Long lead time in construction of large
projects
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