GOOD MORNING

EXTENSION SERVICE
PROVIDERS

PUBLIC EXTENSION SERVICE

PRIVATE EXTENSION SERVICE

PUBLIC EXTENSION SERVICE
PROVIDERS

 Ministry of agriculture
 GOI
 SAUs
 Department of agriculture
 Development departments
PRIVATE EXTENSION SERVICE
PROVIDERS

 Private corporate firms

 farmer’s associations
 NGOs
 Media organisations

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA


 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE
 DIRECTORATE OF EXTENSION
 LINE DEPARTMENTS
 80,800 village extension workers,
 78,000-Department of Agriculture
 Presently there are 1,10,000 extension staff
of whom around 20% are graduates
(ICAR,1998)
SAUs
 The universities perform three major
functions namely teaching, research and
extension.
 The major extension role of the university is
to provide technical support and
consultancy service to government
departments (training) engaged in
agricultural development work and to
farmers in special cases.
 The responsibility of planning and
coordinating all extension activities of the
university lies with Directorate of
Extension.

  From farmers point of view, the directorates
may not be of immediate benefit to
farmers except for those residing nearly or
near to it or nearby district of its location.
 The chances of constant interaction are also
low because of the few technical
manpower in the directorates and the
large population to be covered in their
operational area.


ROLE OF PUBLIC
EXTENSION
 Technology transfer for socio-economic
transformation of rural area
 Safe guarding national food grain production
 Concentrating on environmental issues
◦ Sustainable agriculture
◦ Soil and water conservation measures
◦ Empahasizing INM ,IPM
◦ Human resources development in agriculture



 CONTI..


 Gender issues:


◦ Empowerment of farm women

◦ Training programs for women
◦ TOT for women cultivars


 Training for present and prospective farmers

 Providing advice for off season employment
to rural poor farmers
 Co-ordinating efforts of different
developmental departments for rural
development

PRIVATE
EXTENSION
SERVICE
PROVIDERS
Types of organizations providing private
extension services in India
Sl.No. Individual / Organisation Private Role
    Funding Delivery

1. Krishi Vigyan Kendra Public Private

2. Farmers Associations Private Private
3. Producers Cooperatives Private Private
4. Consultants Private Private
5. NGOs Private Private
Public Private
6. Print Media Private Private
a)News papers
b) Agricultural Magazines
7. Television – Private channels Private Private
8. Agri-business firms Private Private
9. Input dealers Private Private
10. Private sector Banks Private Private
11. Internet Private Private
12. Donor Agencies Private Private /
Public
PRIVATE CORPORATE FIRMS
 Their own research, extension, marketing
and promotion wings.
 Extension activities is also supported by
providing credit, subsidies and inputs.
 They have their own farm magazines in local
languages and also training centres.
 some commodity boards also introduced
charging system for extension services like
soil analysis, farm visits, training and
publications.

INPUT SUPPLIERS

 Pesticide sellers
 Seed producers
 Fertilizer companies,etc



 Many of the agro-input companies performs some extension

functions.
 one function is marketing.
 marketing officers are the one who also oversee the extension
related functions.


 Input companies spend considerable amount on advertisement,

mainly to boost the sale of their products through bill boards,
wall paintings, leaflets and media advertisements, few
demonstrations.


 Some companies also sponsor the cost of some extension

activities of line departments such as agricultural seminars


 But in high value crops such as flowers, there are input firms
which provide total extension support to their growers. This
includes advise from site selection to technological guidance
throughout the growing period and advise on marketing


 Some fertilizer companies arrange soil testing facilities

NGOs


 Around 15,000 - 20,000 NGOs in India - rural

development.
 Wide variations in the densities of NGOs is
observed
 Annual NGO revenue from abroad is around Rs.9
billion


 In Rajasthan on pilot basis, few AAO circles are

handed over to NGOs to carry out extension
work.

FARMER’S ASSOCIATIONS
 starting points for the development of producer’s cooperatives.


 The need for initiating farmers associations in crops has been

well recognised
 NGOs to organise farmers into groups.


 The idea is to encourage farmer’s groups to organise different

types of services for themselves, including input supply, credit
and or technical services and marketing arrangements –
activities that would increase their productivity and incomes,
while decreasing their dependence on government
 (ICAR, 1998).

MEDIA ORGANISATIONS
AIR & Doordarshan:


 Now-a-days many private TV channels are telecasting

agricultural programmes considering the cost effectiveness
(cost / farmer), time at which they can reach many farmers at a
time and the effectiveness of the media, efforts are needed
to harness this potential


Media print:


 Organised attempts to use print media for extension

work in DOA and Universities.
-books ,magazines ,leaflets ,newspapers
ROLE OF PRIVATE
EXTENSION
 Farm advisory services for profit
maximization of clients
 Timely inputs supply for better production
 Providing market informations
 Processing the clients produce
 Marketing the clients produce
 Providing credit facilities for the farmers
 Providing infrastructure facilities
 Eg:transport,storage,etc

Some of the problems in public
extension system observed are :
 supply driven rather than demand driven.
 Commercialization of agriculture gave rise to specialized
client and demand for location specific extension services.


 Public extension deals with a large area, large population
and diverse cropping pattern.


 Extension services provided are general in nature rather
than specific and intensive.


 High cost, low impact of extension programmes, growing
conflicts between farmer’s interest and policy goals, poor
motivation of staff and conflicting roles are observed in
Conti..
 Insufficient face to face contact between
extension worker and farmer.
 Inadequate funds for operational purpose.
 Inadequate technical qualifications of VLW.
 Incomplete extension services.
 Inadequate internal organization structure
 Inefficiency of extension personnel
 Inappropriateness or irrelevance of extension
content.
 Dilution of impact.

Some observations of private
extension scenario
worldwide :
Private extension reduces the economic burden of governments – Netherlands


 Increases the efficiency of extension services provided upto the satisfaction of

farmers


 Privatisation increases the competency of the research system – Extension

contract system in China


 Government can ensure quality extension services by technically competent

extension agents through legislation – certification in Germany


 Government can privatize extension while concentrating more on important

areas – Tunisia


 Government can have maximum control over private extension activities – Chile

PRIVATISATION
OF
EXTENSION
SERVICES
PRIVATISATION??
 The act of reducing the role of Government
or increasing the role of private sector in
any activity or in the ownership of assets.
 Savas,1987
Is private extension and
privatisation the same??
INTERNATIONAL
EXPERIENCES
&
ITS RELEVANCE IN
INDIAN CONTEXT
 Broad experiences can be considered to
strengthen the extension services for
designing an alternate and viable model to
suite to our conditions.
AUSTRALIA
 Largest experience with fee for service
extension activity in the world,having
introduced fee based advisory service.
 Interviews revealed that it was an unhappy
experience
 Implementation of cost recovery policy-
major restructuring;major role for field
staff!
UNITED KINGDOM
 ADAS operated under a wide range of
commercial operations.
 Promotes direct payment by users without
privatization of extension services
 Novelty approach-charging for certain
services “a time cost basis”..previously
offered free!
BRITAIN
 The agricultural and advisory service(ADAS)
charge fee for services of direct benefit to
the clients,but not for the services which
spread benefits across society,such as
those relating to soil conservation
NORWAY
 While the Government pays salary,the
farmer’s circle pays the operational fees(as
50:50 cost sharing agreement)
MEXICO
 Is planning to shift at least half the cost of
extension services to farmers groups in
irrigated areas.It is emphasising cost
cutting through privatisation and user of
mass media
KOREA & TAIWAN
 The co-operative structure of extension has
developed in two far eastern countries
,korea and Taiwan
CHILE
 Government provides funds(80%) to private
technology transfer consultancy firms
which comprises of one or two agronomists
and a few agricultural technicians.
NEW ZEALAND
 Private consultants play an important role in
agriculture in the industrialised country
CANADA
 Commodity groups fund and control their
own extension agronomists
TURKEY
 Extension cost is shared between farmer
groups and the government through the
chambers of agriculture.
 (world bank,1994)
COLOMBIA
 Municipalities pay for all extension services
out of local tax revenue
 Demarcating the benefits of extension
services are not helpful
 ‘Fee for extension’-restrict personal contact
 -Less effective
In developed countries,

 Extension education is mainly an

 advisory service
THANK YOU