CUT AND FILL PRESENTATION

Group members :

ADI HASSAN BIN ABDUL RAHMAN
JACKLINE MEDAN
SYAMIM ADILA BT ZAIDI
WALVIRUS JOSEPH
WAN MUHAMMAD AZFAR BIN WAN AZMI
ALVIN DAVID
NOR ZALINA BT ZAKARIA
ZAHIRALI JOOMUN
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OBJECTIVES OF TACHEOMETRY
Is a branch of surveying works which is used to
determine for example the area, volume and
etc. of soil.
To make surveying works easier (elimination
of chains or tapes).
To gain knowledge on how to use theodolite in
tacheometric.

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DEFINITION OF CUT AND FILL
Basically, cut and fill is a condition where the
amount of material (in terms of volume) from
cuts roughly matches the amount of fill
needed.
The material from cuts will be used to fill the
void to minimizing amount of construction
labor.
This was done until we have suitable area to
build buildings, roadways and etc.
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CUT
A "Cut" volume is defined as the volume of
material which is excavated below existing site
levels.

FILL
"Fill" volume is the volume of material which is
mounded above existing site levels. Cut and
fill volumes are expressed in metres cubed
(m).
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Example of project that use cut & fill
Major Roadwork and Bridgeworks
Rail infrastructure
Urban Landscaping
Wetland Construction
Waterway Remediation
Service Infrastructure and Relocations
Wastewater treatment facilities
Land remediation
Access roads and ramps
Road safety construction (noise walls, wire rope)
Traffic Management



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The importance of land
preparations

Leveling the field surface is as important to the
surface system.
Process to ensure that the depths and
discharge variations over the field are relatively
uniform.
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There are two land leveling philosophies:
to provide a slope which fits a water supply
to level the field to its best condition with minimal
earth movement and then vary the water supply
for the field condition.
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CALCULATION OF
AREA
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Chain survey/simple triangle
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Coordinates
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CALCULATION OF VOLUME


PYRAMID FRUSTUM FORMULA
CROSS-SECTION METHOD
BORROW-PIT METHOD
CONTOUR AREA METHOD




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Pyramid frustum formula



#PF formula is more accurate because the
volumes formed in the transition areas are
frustum.
Cross Section Method

The cross section method is employed almost
exclusively for computing volumes on linear
construction projects such as highways,
railroads, and canals.

Cut slopes of 1:1 ( 1 horizontal to 1 vertical )
and fill slope of 1-1/2:1 satisfactory for ordinary
loam soil.
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VOLUME MEASUREMENT
The volume between two stations then
equal to :

V
e
= (A1+A2)L
2

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where
V
e
= volume
A1= area of one base
A2 = area of the other base
L = the perpendicular
distance between bases
CALCULATING VOLUMES
Unit area/Borrow-pit method
The Grid Method (also known as the Borrow Pit Method) extends DAM to an excavation of
varying depths. Borrow-pit levelling calculates the excavation volume by applying a grid to the
excavation area. The grids can be staked to squares of 10, 20, 50, 100, or more feet depending on
the project size and the accuracy desired. For each grid square, final elevations are established
for each corner of every grid square. These are subtracted from the existing elevations at the
same location to determine the depth of cut or height of fill at each corner. For each grid square
an average of the depths/heights of the four corners is multiplied by the area of the square to
determine the volume of earthwork associated with the grid area. The total earthwork volume
for the project is calculated by adding the volumes of each grid square in the excavation area.
Volumes are calculated as follows:
V = ((D1 + D2 + D3 + D4) / 4) * A * (1/27)
Where,
V = volume (cubic yards)
A = area of the grid square (square feet)
D = depth of cut/fill at each grid corner (feet)

The Contour Area Method (CAM)
The Contour Area Method (CAM) uses the area of the excavation elevation contour lines to
determine volumes. From a topographic map of the site, the areas enclosed by regular contour
intervals are measured. This area measurement can be done by hand with a planimeter,
electronically by a digitizer, or directly with a CADD program. If the horizontal areas
enclosed by each contour line are large relative to the elevation difference between the two
contour elevations, averaging the two areas and multiplying the average by the height
difference can determine volumes. However, for relatively small earthworks (like spoil piles
and borrow areas), volumes can be calculated based on the formula for the volume of a
truncated pyramid:
V = (h / 3) * (B1 + B2 + sqrt[B1* B2] ) * (1/27)
Where,
V = volume (cubic yards)
B1, B2 = areas of the contour elevation lines (square feet)
H = elevation difference between the contour elevations (feet)

THATS ALL..
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