Earthing &

Earthing &
Grounding
Grounding
PRESENTATION BY:
Iyer Yagneshwar(13BEEEG066) (1304101090!)
Shah "#na$(13BEEEG0%4)(130410109099)
&'sh( &a()(*(13BEEE+13!)(130410109033)
,ha#han &($$(13BEEEG091)(130410109013)
G#(-e- .y/:
Sh(0a$ 1 P#2ara
Concept of Earthing Systems
All the people living or working in residential,
commercial and industrial installations, particularly
the operators and personnel who are in close
operation and contact with electrical systems and
machineries, should essentially be protected against
possible electrification. To achieve this protection,
earthing system of an installation is defined,
designed and installed according to the standard
requirements..
What Is Earthing
What Is Earthing
The process of connecting metallic bodies of
all the electrical apparatus and equipment to
huge mass of earth by a wire having negligible
resistance is called Earthing.
The term earthing means connecting the neutral point of
supply system or the non current carrying parts of the
electrical apparatus to the general mass of earth in such a
manner that all times an immediate discharge of electrical
energy takes place without danger.
What Is Earthing
What Is Earthing
!rovide an alternative path for the fault current
to flow so that it will not endanger the user
"aintain the voltage at any part of an
electrical system at a known value so as to
prevent over current or e#cessive voltage on
the appliances or equipment.
$ualities %f &ood Earthing
$ualities %f &ood Earthing

"ust be of low electrical resistance

"ust be of good corrosion resistance

"ust be able to dissipate high fault current

repeatedly
!urpose of Earthing
!urpose of Earthing

To save human life from danger of electrical shock or death by

blowing a fuse i.e. To provide an alternative path for the fault
current to flow so that it will not endanger the user

To protect buildings, machinery ' appliances under fault

conditions ie. To ensure that all e#posed conductive parts do
not reach a dangerous potential.

To provide safe path to dissipate lightning and short circuit

currents.

To provide stable platform for operation of sensitive

electronic equipments i.e. To maintain the voltage at any part
of an electrical system at a known value so as to prevent over
current or e#cessive voltage on the appliances or equipment .

An electric shock (electrocution)occurs when two portion of a

person*s body come in contact with electrical conductors of a
circuit which is at different potentials, thus producing a
potential difference across the body.

The human body does have resistance and when the body is
connected between two conductors at different potential a
circuit is formed through the body and current will flow

When the human body comes in contact with only one

conductor, a circuit is not formed and nothing happens. When
the human body comes in contact with circuit conductors, no
matter what the voltage is there is potential for harm.
Electric shock
Electric shock

The higher the potential difference the more

the damage. The effect of an electric shock is a
function of what parts of body come in contact
with each conductor, the resistance of each
contact point the surface resistance of the body
at the contact as well as other factor.

When the electrical contact is such that the

circuit path through the body is across the
heart, you have the greatest potential for death.
Electric shock
Electric shock
Equipment Earthing

In case of insulation failure, the primary ob+ect

of connecting all the above points and
apparatus to earth is to release the charge
accumulated on them immediately to earth so
that the person coming in contact may not
e#perience electric shock.
Equipment Earthing(,ont.)
Equipment Earthing(,ont.)
The other ob+ect is that a heavy current when
flows through the circuit that operates the
protective devices that is fuse or ,-, which
open the circuit
"a#. .alue of Earth /esistance to
"a#. .alue of Earth /esistance to
be achieved
be achieved
Equipment to be Earthed Max. Value of Earth
Resistance to be achieved in
Ohms
Large Power Stations 0.5
Major Substations 1.0
Small Substations 2.0
Factories Substations 1.0
Lattice Steel Tower 3.0
Industrial Macine and !"ui#ment 0.5
$ Te !art %esistance de#ends u#on te moisture
content in te soil.
"ethods of Earthing
"ethods of Earthing

,onventional Earthing

"aintenance 0ree Earthing

,onventional Earthing
,onventional Earthing

The ,onventional system of Earthing calls for

digging of a large pit into which a &I pipe or a
copper plate is positioned in the middle layers
of charcoal and salt.

It requires maintenance and pouring of water

at regular interval.
COVE!"O#$ E#R!%"G
FI&'%!(.
"aintenance 0ree Earthing
"aintenance 0ree Earthing

It is a new type of earthing system which is

/eadymade, standardi1ed and scientifically developed.
Its -enefits are

"AI2TE2A2,E 0/EE3 2o need to pour water at

regular interval4 e#cept in sandy soil.

,%25I5TE2,63 "aintain stable and consistent earth

resistance around the year.

"%/E 57/0A,E A/EA3 The conductive compound

creates a conductive 1one, which provides the increased
surface area for peak current dissipation. And also get
stable reference point.
"aintenance 0ree Earthing(,ontd.)
"aintenance 0ree Earthing(,ontd.)

8%W EA/T9 /E5I5TA2,E3 9ighly

conductive. ,arries high peak current
repeatedly.

2% ,%//%5I%23

8%2& 8I0E.

EA56 I25TA88ATI%2.
"ethods of ,onventional Earthing
"ethods of ,onventional Earthing
:. !late Earthing
;. !ipe Earthing
<. /od Earthing
=. 5trip Earthing
>. Earthing through Water "ains
Earthing Electrode
Earthing Electrode
The resistance of a ground
electrode has 3 basic
components:
A) The resistance of the ground
electrode itself and the connections
to the electrode.
-) The contact resistance of the
surrounding earth to the electrode.
,) The resistance of the surrounding
body of earth around the ground
Electrode. It consist of three basic components3
:.Earth Wire
;.,onnector
<.Electrode
!late Earthing
!late Earthing

In this type of earthing plate either of copper or of &.I. is

buried into the ground at a depth of not less than < meter
from the ground level.

The earth plate is embedded in alternative layer of coke

and salts for a minimum thickness of about :>cm.

The earth wire(copper wire for copper plate earthing and

&.I. wire for &.I. plate earthing) is securely bolted to an
earth plate with the help of bolt nut and washer made of
copper, in case of copper plate earthing and of &.I. in
case of &.I. plate earthing.
!8ATE EA/T9I2&
!8ATE EA/T9I2&
!ipe earthing
!ipe earthing
!ipe earthing is best form of earthing and it is cheap also in this system of
earthing a &I pipe of <? mm dia and ;meters length is embedded vertically in
ground to work as earth electrod but the depth depend upon the soil conditions,
there is no hard and fast rule for this.
-ut the wire is embedded upto the wet soil.
The earth wire are fastened to the top section of the pipe with nut and bolts.
The pit area arround the &I pipe filled with salt and coal mi#ture for improving
the soil conditions and efficiency of the earthing system.
It can take heavy leakage current for the same electrode si1e in comparison to
plate earthing.
The earth wire connection with &I pipes being above the ground level can be
checked for carrying out continuity test as and when desired, while in plate
earthing it is difficult.
In summmer season to have an effective earthing three or four bucket of water is
put through the funnel for better continuity of earthing.
!I!E EA/T9I2&
!I!E EA/T9I2&
In this system of earthing :;.>mm diameter solid rods of
copper :@mm diameter solid rod of &I or steel or hollow
section of ;>mm &I pipe of length not less than < meters are
driven vertically into the earth
In order to increase the embeded length of electrod under the
ground, which is some time necessary to reduce the earth
resistance to desired value more than one rod section are
hammered one above the other.
This system of earthing is suitable for area which are sandy in
character .
This system of earthing is very cheap
/%A EA/T9I2&
/%A EA/T9I2&

In this system of earthing strip electrod of cross section not less than
;>mm into :.@mm of copper or ;>mm B =mm of &I or steel are
burried in hori1ontal trenches of minimum depth of C.>m

If round conductor are used their cross sectional area shall not be
smaller than three if copper is used and @mm; if &I or steel is used.

The length of burried conductor shall be sufficient to give the

required earth resistance (about C.>Dto :.>D)

It shall however be not less than :> m

The electrod shall be as widely distributed as possible in a single

straight or circular trenches radiating from a point

This type of earthing is used in rockey soil earth bed because at

such places e#cavation work for plate earthing is difficult
5T/I! %/ WI/E EA/T9I2&
5T/I! %/ WI/E EA/T9I2&

Design Details :
. Earthing !it : 5i1e :CCC E :CCC E :?CC mm
Aepth.".S. # C.$. !late : >CC E >CC E ? mm
Thick.
%. Electrode &ssembly : =C mm F &I G ,I
!erforated pipe duly fitted or welded with base
plate and >C E @ mm flat termination taken on
top for equipment earthing as shown in drawing.
5tandard !ipe ' !late Type Earthing Aesign for the
5tandard !ipe ' !late Type Earthing Aesign for the
:: Hv. 5ystem Equipments, Aistribution Transformer
:: Hv. 5ystem Equipments, Aistribution Transformer
,enters, 8.T. Aistribution 5ystem Equipments
,enters, 8.T. Aistribution 5ystem Equipments
&. Mixture ' " ()omogeneous mi*ture
o+ blac, so+t soil 0.3 -MT. a##ro*.
*. Mixture ' "" ()omogeneous mi*ture
o+ common salt 25 /gs. 0 wood
carcoal #ieces 25 /gs. 0 1lac, so+t
soil 1 -MT. 2##ro*.
3. -rused %oc, #ieces &ra4el Si5e 50
6 35 mm 0.1 -MT. 2##ro*.
7. 2rrangement +or earting lead
terminations +rom e"ui#ment bod89
and connection +or main earting
&rid.
+tandard ,ipe & ,late !-pe Earthing
.esign for the // 0v. +-stem
Equipments1 .istribution !ransformer
Centers1 $.!. .istribution +-stem
Equipments
.esign .etails (
1. 75 mm tic, %-- -o4er.
2. 300 mm: 3000 mm dee# ;2##ro*.
20 +t.< bore in te eart.
3. 35 mm : 3000 mm long ;2##ro* 20
+t.< &.I. #i#e electrode. Forged at te
to# u# to 75 mm lengt and 12 mm
ole #ro4ided +or ta,ing earting
connection.
=. 2 omogeneous mi*ture o+ 50 ,gs.
wooden coal #ieces 0 50 ,gs.
common salt
5. >ater #ouring #ur#ose at te time o+
routine maintenance
Typical arrangement for !ipe
Typical arrangement for !ipe
electrode earthing pit (-ore Type)
electrode earthing pit (-ore Type)
Applications
Applications

Telecommunication

Transmission

5ubstations ' !ower &enerations

Transformer 2eutral earthing

8ightning Arrestor Earthing

Equipment -ody Earthing

Water Treatment !lants

9eavy Industries

,ollege, 9ospitals, -anks

/esidential -uilding