CELLULAR CONCEPT

Provide additional radio capacity

with no additional increase in radio
spectrum
INTRODUCTION
Early mobile radio system was to achieve a
large coverage areas by using high powered
transmitter with an antenna mounted on a tall
tower
In this case it is impossible to reuse those same
frequencies throughout the system
Since any attempts to achieve frequency reuse
would result in interference
Cont,
Cellular concept is a system level idea which calls for
replacing a single , high power transmitter (large cell)
with low power transmitters (small cell) with each
providing coverage to only a small portion of service
area
Each base station is allocated a portion of total no of
channels available to entire system
Nearby base station are assigned different groups of
channels so that all the available channels are assigned
to a relatively small no. of neighboring base stations
Nearby BS are assigned different groups of channel so
that interference b/w BS is minimized

THE CELLULAR CONCEPT

Cluster of 7 cells
Cells
seven groups of channel from A to G
footprint of a cell - actual radio coverage
omni-directional antenna v.s. directional antenna

CELL FUNDAMENTAL
CELL FOOTPRINT:
The actual radio coverage of a cell is known as the cell
footprint.

Irregular cell structure and irregular placing of the transmitter
may be acceptable in the initial system design. However as
traffic grows, where new cells and channels need to be added,
it may lead to inability to reuse frequencies because of co-
channel interference.

For systematic cell planning, a regular shape is assumed for
the footprint.

Contd..,
Coverage contour should be circular. However it is impractical
because it provides ambiguous areas with either multiple or no
coverage.
CELL SHAPE(THREE TYPES):
Equilateral triangle
Square
Regular hexagons.
REASON TO USE HEXAGONAL SHAPE:
Hexagon cell has equal distance from centre
point=>signal reaches all point=> without any exception.
Circle also same=>but for combining more cell=>gap is
high=>signal will not reach.

Contd..,
FREQUENCY REUSE
Each cellular base station is allocated a group of radio channels within
a small geographic area called a cell.
Neighboring cells are assigned different channel groups.
By limiting the coverage area to within the boundary of the cell, the
channel groups may be reused to cover different cells.
Keep interference levels within tolerable limits.
Frequency reuse or frequency planning

The design process of selecting and allocating channel
groups for all of the cellular base station within a system is
FREQUENCY REUSE/PLANNING
Consider a cellular system which has a total of S duplex channels.
Each cell is allocated a group of k channels, .
The S channels are divided among N cells.
The total number of available radio channels

The N cells which use the complete set of channels is called cluster.
The cluster can be repeated M times within the system. The total
number of channels, C, is used as a measure of capacity

The capacity is directly proportional to the number of replication M.
The cluster size, N, is typically equal to 4, 7, or 12.
Small N is desirable to maximize capacity.
The frequency reuse factor is given by

S k
kN S
MS MkN C
N / 1

Hexagonal geometry has
exactly six equidistance neighbors
the lines joining the centers of any cell and each of its neighbors are
separated by multiples of 60 degrees.
Only certain cluster sizes and cell layout are possible.
The number of cells per cluster, N, can only have values which satisfy


where i, j are non-negative integers.

2 2
j ij i N
CLUSTER SIZES AND CELL LAYOUT

A
B
C
A
C
A
C
A
B
C
A F
E
G
D
E
F
D E
The factor N is called the cluster size and is given N=i
2
+ij+j
2


Eg for i=1,j=1
Eg for i=2,j=1
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
i
j
i=1, j=2 , N=1+2+4=7
CLUSTER SIZES AND CELL LAYOUT

CELL REUSE
EXAMPLE (N=19)
Method of locating co-channel cells in a cellular system. In this example, N = 19 (i.e., I = 3, j = 2). (Adapted
from [Oet83] IEEE.)
To find the nearest co-channel
neighbor of a particular cell
1. Move i cells along any
chain of hexagons
2. Then turn 60 degrees
counter-clockwise and
3. Move j cells.
ADVANTAGES
Solves the problem of spectral congestion and
user capacity.
Offer very high capacity in a limited spectrum
without major technological changes.
Reuse of radio channel in different cells.
Enable a fix number of channels to serve an
arbitrarily large number of users by reusing the
channel throughout the coverage region.

Channel Assignment Strategies
FREQUENCY REUSE SCHEME
increases capacity
minimize interference.
efficient utilization of radio spectrum.
CLASSIFICATION:
fixed channel assignment
dynamic channel assignment
BORROWING STRATEGY:
Cell=>allowed to borrow=>channel from
neighboring cell=>all of its own channels are already
occupied.

Contd..,
Fixed channel assignment
each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channel
any new call attempt can only be served by the unused
channels
the call will be blocked if all channels in that cell are
occupied
Dynamic channel assignment
channels are not allocated to cells permanently.
allocate channels based on request.
reduce the likelihood of blocking, increase capacity.

CAPACITY EXPANSION IN CELLULAR
SYSTEM
Techniques to provide more channels per
coverage area is by
Cell splitting
Cell sectoring
Coverage zone approches

Cell splitting increases the capacity of cellular system
since it increases the number of times the channel are
reused
Cell splitting - defining new cells which have smaller
radius than orginal cells by installing these smaller
cells called MICROCELLS between existing cells
Capacity increases due to additional number of
channels per unit area



Cell splitting is process of subdividing a congested cell into
smaller cells each with its own base station(with
corresponding reduction in antenna height and tx power)
CELL SPLITTING
CELL SPLITTING
Split congested cell into smaller cells.
Preserve frequency reuse plan.
Reduce transmission power.

microcell
Illustration of cell splitting within a 3 km by 3 km square
CELL SPLITTING
Splitting cells in each CELL
Antenna downtiliting
CELL SECTORING

Sectoring => technique => increase the SIR =>
without increase cluster size.
BS located in center => uniform in all
direction => behaves as omni- directional
antenna.
Co-channel interference => may decreased =>
by replacing single omni- directional antenna
by directional antenna.
Contd..,
Decrease the co-channel interference and keep the cell radius R
unchanged
Replacing single omni-directional antenna by several
directional antennas
Given cell => receive interference and transmit fraction co-
channel.
HAND-OFF STRATEGIES

Mobility is the most important feature of a wireless
cellular communication system.
The mechanism required to allow the mobile to
move from the current cell to the neighbor cell while
the call continues.
User => move towards => one BTs to next BTs.
Handoff is divided into two broad categories
Hard and Soft Handoffs.
They are also characterized by break before make
and make before break.
Contd..,
In hard handoffs, current resources are released
before new resources are used.
In soft handoffs, both existing and new resources are
used during the handoff process.
Reroute the call to new call is quick=> there is no
noticeable break in the speech signal.