INTRODUCTION…

WHY PROTOCOLS?
A network protocol or
computer communication
protocol is a set of rules that
specify the format and meaning
of messages exchanged between
computers across a network
Protocols are implemented by
protocol software

2
ONE OR MANY PROTOCOLS?
 Computer communication across a
network is a very hard problem
 Complexity requires multiple
protocols, each of which manages a
part of the problem
 Maybe simple or complex; must
work well together
INTRODUCTION…
PROTOCOL SUITES
A set of related protocols that are
designed for compatibility is called a
protocol suite
 Protocol suite designers:
 Analyze communication problem
 Divide problems into sub-problems
 Design a protocol for each sub-
problem
INTRODUCTION…
PROTOCOL SUITES…
A well-designed protocol suite
Is efficient and effective - solves
the problem without redundancy
and makes best use of network
capacity
 Allows replacement of individual
protocols without changes to other
protocols
INTRODUCTION…
LAYERED PROTOCOL DESIGN
 Layering model is a solution to the
problem of complexity in network
protocols
 Model suggests dividing the network
protocol into layers, each of which solves
part of the network communication
problem
 These layers have several constraints, which
ease the design problem
 Network protocol designed to have a
protocol or protocols for each layer
INTRODUCTION…
A PLAN PROTOCOL DESIGN
 International Organization for
Standards (ISO) defined a 7-layer
reference model as a guide to the design of
a network protocol suite known as Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI)
 Layers are named and numbered; reference
to “layer n” often means the nth layer of the
ISO 7-layer reference model

7
 7 LAYERS

7 Application Layer All

6. Presentation Layer People
5. Session Layer Seem
4. Transport Layer To
Need
3. Network Layer
Data
2. Data Link Layer Processing
1. Physical Layer
 The OSI 7-layer Model
OSI - Open Systems Interconnection
Defined in 1984 and become an international
standard
All Away
People Pizza
Seem Sausage
To Throw
Need Not
Data Do
10
Processing Please
Relationship of OSI layers

Virtual
Communication

Physical
Communication 11
TASKS INVOLVED IN SENDING LETTER
7: THE APPLICATION LAYER

 The top layer of the OSI model

 Provides a set of interfaces for sending
and receiving applications to gain access
to and use network services, such as:
networked file transfer, message handling
and database query processing
APPLICATION LAYER (CONT’D)
 Specific services
Network virtual terminal
Fileaccess, transfer, and
management
Mail services
Directory services
Example: File Transfer

• The most traditional network task

• Implemented by a simple Application Layer
protocol called FTP
FTP Client FTP Server

PictureTel

PictureTel
PictureTel

Network

15
 The
application
layer is
responsible for

providing
services to the
user.
6: PRESENTATION LAYER
 Ensures interoperability among
communicating devices.
 Is responsible for the encryption
and decryption of data for
security purpose and for the
compression and expansion of
data when necessary for
transmission efficiency.
PRESENTATION LAYER (CONT’D)
 Specific
responsibility
Translation
Encryption
Compression
PRESENTATION LAYER (CONT’D)
5: THE SESSION LAYER

 Enables two networked resources to hold ongoing communications

(called a session) across a network
 Applications on either end of the session are able to exchange data
for the duration of the session

This layer is:

 Responsible for initiating, maintaining and terminating sessions
 Responsible for security and access control to session information
(via session participant identification)
 Responsible for synchronization services, and for checkpoint
services
SESSION LAYER
Specific responsibility
Session management
Synchronization

Dialogcontrol : Deciding who sends,

and when
 5. Session Layer
• Establishment, maintaining and
release of session
Appl. Appl.
• Provide dialog management
Pres. Pres.
• Regulate which side
Sess. Sess.
transmit, when, for how long
(Sync.) Tran. Tran.

• Provide synchronization Netw. Netw.

between user tasks Data. Data.

23
• Example : Winsock, UNIX Phys. Phys.
LAYER 4 – THE TRANSPORT LAYER

 Manages the transmission of data across a network

 Manages the flow of data between parties by
segmenting long data streams into smaller data chunks
(based on allowed “packet” size for a given
transmission medium)
 Reassembles chunks into their original sequence at the
receiving end
 Provides acknowledgements of successful
transmissions and requests resends for packets which
arrive with errors
TRANSPORT LAYER (CONT’D)
 Reliable End-to-end delivery of a message
LAYER 3 – THE NETWORK LAYER

 Responsible for deciding how to route

transmissions between computers
 This layer also handles the decisions
needed to get data from one point to the
next point along a network path
 This layer also handles packet switching
and network congestion control
NETWORK LAYER

 Isresponsible for the source-to-

destination delivery of a across
multiple network link
 provides two related services.

Switching
Routing
NETWORK LAYER (CONT’D)
 Switching
~ refer to temporary connections between
physical links, resulting in longer links for
network transmission.(ex: telephone
conversation)
 routing

~ means selecting the best path for sending

a packet from one point to another when
more than one path is available
NETWORK LAYER (CONT’D)
NETWORK LAYER (CONT’D)
 Specific responsibilities
Source-to-destination

delivery(packet)
Logical addressing to physical
addressing
Routing
 Network Layer

• Logical address to physical address

translation
For TCP/IP running on Ethernet
Logical address: IP address 158.132.148.99
Physical address: Ethernet address 00 00 E2 15 1A CA

• Determine the route from source to

destination computer
• Example protocols: IP, IPX
LAYER 2 – THE DATA LINK LAYER

 Handles special data frames (packets) between the

Network layer and the Physical layer
 At the receiving end, this layer packages raw data from
the physical layer into data frames for delivery to the
Network layer
 At the sending end this layer handles conversion of
data into raw formats that can be handled by the
Physical Layer
DATA LINK LAYER
 Isresponsible for delivering data
units(group of bits) from one station to
the next without errors.

 Itaccepts a data unit from the third

layer and adds meaningful bits to the
beginning(header) and end(trailer)
that contain addresses and other
control information: Frame
NODE-TO-NODE DELIVERY
LAYER 1 – THE PHYSICAL LAYER
 Converts bits into electronic signals for outgoing messages
 Converts electronic signals into bits for incoming messages
 This layer manages the interface between the the computer and the
network medium (coax, twisted pair, etc.)
 This layer tells the driver software for the MAU (media attachment unit,
ex. network interface cards (NICs, modems, etc.)) what needs to be sent
across the medium
 The bottom layer of the OSI model
PHYSICAL LAYER (CONT’D)
 Physical Layer
SUMMARY
Q&A