Micowave Survey Knowledge 20080226 A

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FIELD TELECOMMUNICATION SURVEY
Microwave SURVEY Knowledge
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2
Contents
1) Introduction
- Survey definition
- Objectives / scope
- On site methodology
- On path methodology
* Los: Urban, long haul
2) List of tools used during the survey
3) Data and survey report
- Site visit / On path data collection
- Survey report
4) Proprietary application software
- Azimuth
- Profile
- Pathloss
5) Link budget calculation
- ITU-R recommendation
- Link budget calculation
- North American (nNA) and ITU-R Path Reliability (Outage) Calculation

INTRODUCTION
Survey definition

A survey is a mission on site to verify the feasibility of a
telecommunication network with the objective of meeting the customer
specification, but also optimizing the coverage and minimizing the cost.

The survey is a key element in the implementation of a project. The
success of a network implementation depends on the accuracy of the
survey. No survey (or a poor survey) may lead to mistakes in the technical
project

Obstruction, tower to be expanded (extra civil works )
Delays, subscribers cut
Penalties
and other damages ..
Objective / scope

The main objectives of a RF survey are summarized here under:

Confirm the need expressed by the customer.
Confirm or foresee the precise localization of the stations.
Confirm the network or the system design.
Collect the necessary informations for system configuration and engineering devices.
When applicable, clarify with the customer Engineering details such as antenna mounting constraints,
equipment consumption, access roads and actions to be taken by the Customer during the
implementation.
Note and anticipate the difficulties to be expected during the implementation: logistics, installation,
climatic condition, access, etc. ...
INTRODUCTION
On site methodology

How to proceed ?
Conditions:
During site survey, a Customer representative should always be present. He will be a facilitator
(obtain permission to access the sites, find terrain and landlords, when applicable negotiate the site
chosen, coordinate administrative process etc.)

Map study / analysis of customer's preliminary Network design:
This preliminary part will be carried out in order to :
identify the sites to be served
determine the exact co-ordinates and altitude of the sites to be served and if necessity of repeaters if
any
establish the path profiles (not applicable in dense urban, line of sight checked visually)
estimate the antenna height (tower height)
establish a preliminary network structure
estimate the size of antennas
INTRODUCTION
On site methodology

Site study:
The visit of the sites defined previously will be carried out in order to
confirm , determine or modify:

the actual possibility to use the site chosen on the map.
the actual co-ordinates and altitude of the site.
the precise location (to be marked ), where station will be implemented
the availability and access to commercial power if needed
any existing antennas
the height and type of the tower according to the specificity of the site and obstacles encountered
any close range obstacles
the network structure / system layout
obtain site call signs if available (North America)
Site address (North America)
Obtain tower registrations if needed (North America)
INTRODUCTION
On site methodology

The information collected will be useful:

For project engineer
Defined network
Controlled profiles
Defined engineering
PABX data
Frequency data

For realization team
Access plan
Site lay out
Elevation plans
Indoor layout plans
Lists of installation equipment
INTRODUCTION
On site methodology
I) 1
st
STATION: any microwave system

1- Altitude measurement
Choose a reference point
Perform double measurement
(reference altimeter + measuring altimeter)

2- Site coordinate calculation and transcription on the map
Positioning (measurment from know map reference point), triangulation, GPS

3- Scaled and directed block plan (site sketch)
It shall show:
the radio building
tower with possible guy wires
power supply building(s)
fences
access points to the station
notification of possible obstructions in the near field
INTRODUCTION
4- Tower elevation layout
tower height / obtain tower registration number (North America only)
structure (hip, wind bracing, batter)
V and H cable routes (structure)
coverage of existing antennas and those to be supplied
report on tower's ground connections

5- Indoor layout
layout of existing equipment
layout of equipment to be supplied
secondary energy routing
LF signal routing
Feeder routing

6- Existing frequency list
On site methodology
INTRODUCTION
7- Fill in the data sheet
Develop on site engineering chart and fill in the bill of quantity
Take photos
II) 2
nd
STATION (Repeater station)
1- Altitude measurement
2- Coordinate calculation
3- Distance and azimuth calculation with the help of the calculator or GPS
4- Site lay out plan (with station azimuth enclosed)
5- Tower elevation plan
6- Indoor layout plan
7- Data sheet - engineering chart - "Bill of quantity".
8- Link budget in case the type of antenna is unknown
On site methodology
INTRODUCTION
III) In the evening, at the hotel
1- Computerize the data sheet
2- Define the profile on map and computerize it
3- Develop the link budget
4- Organize the work load of the next day
IV) Methodology to be used for new stations
1- Look on site for the best, locate it on the map. The location shall be
accessible and free from radio obstructions.Take into account power
supply distribution. Close to medium, low or high voltage power supply.
2- Altitude measurement and coordinate calculation
3- Calculation of azimuths and distances
4- Localization of possible obstructions
5- Development of a profile if no station visibility
6- Calculation of tower height to define the area required
On site methodology
INTRODUCTION

7- Control of critical points (altitude and vegetation measurement) to arrange
aerial height
8- Site layout
9- Elevation drawing
10- Indoor layout drawing if required
11- Data sheet, engineering chart, Access map if necessary
12- Tower, building and mark stacking
13- Photos

This procedure is applicable for any network, microwave system and surveyor.
On site methodology
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
On path methodology
I) Urban

1- When the network is located in a urban area, 99% of the links are short
or very short distances. In this case, if the end far site is visible with
naked eye (or binocular) and adequate clearance is obsereved, the
surveyor can supposed that the LOS is good. Because the topographic
contour information is usually less controlling (clearances are usually
controlled by structures in a heavy urban environment) the path profile
is sometimes less significant in determining LOS.
II) Long Haul

1- In this case, even with binoculars, it may not be possible to confirm the
LOS. Consequently, a preliminary path profile must be done with
topographics maps and after field survey, the same path profile must be
confirmed with the new field inputs (coordinates, altitude, vegetation
height)
1) Introduction
- Survey definition
- Objectives / scope
- On site methodology
- On path methodology
* Los: Urban, long haul
2) List of tools used during the survey
3) Data and survey report
- Site visit / On path data collection
- Survey report
4) Proprietary application software
- Azimuth
- Profile
- Pathloss
5) Link budget calculation
- ITU-R recommendation
- Link budget calculation
- North American (NA) and ITU-R Path Reliability (Outage) Calculations

List of equipment

1 "pilot case" including:

2 THOMMEN altimeters
1 CHAIX compass
1 GPS + Antenna
1 Portable PC
1 printer
1 camera
1 pair of binoculars with compass inside
1 Safety harness
1 50 m tape
1 5m tape
Inclinometer
Flashing Mirrors
LIST OF TOOLS USED DURING THE SURVEY
1 set of accessories:

1 Drawing board
1 map-meter
1 programmable calculator
1 high-power magnifier
Flexible rules, protractors, squars
1 pair of drawing compasses
1 set of drawing pencils and erasers
DB scale for coordinate plot
The following tools will be added if necessary
Grounding tester
Post and spray paint for site marking
Chaix degree compass
Compass
Digital altimeter
If the visited site is an existing one, the following points will be
checked and registered.

Site lay out on which will appear the different elements such as: tower,
tower guy anchors, buildings, fences, close range obstacles.

Obtain (North America only):
Call Sign
Tower registration number
Street address
DATA AND SURVEY REPORT
Site visit
Site visit
Site visit
Site visit
For a tower:

Height, structure , legs and bracing dimensions at necessary heights

Types and length of vertical and horizontal waveguide runways

Location , types and directions of existing antennas

Locations available for the new antennas

Locations available for the new feeders or coaxial cables

Tower and waveguide runways earthing

Tower registration number (North America only)
Site visit
Site visit
Site visit
Site visit
Site visit
For a building:

Location of existing equipments

Frequencies of existing equipments

Location available for proposed equipments

Distribution frames and blocks location for customer access and remote
alarms connection

AC and DC power availability and access , capacity installed and used

Earthing devices, availability, connection possibilities

Cable ways : availability , extensions required, available WG ports.
Site visit
Site visit
Station: JESENIK
Room for transmission equipment
Site visit
Site visit
Site visit
Site visit
Site visit
Survey report
The results will be presented in a Survey Report which will give the
following information:
Site information sheet indicating: the access, co-ordinates, altitude, etc....
Site access detailed plan (if necessary)
Site lay out
Building lay out
Equipments rooms lay out showing the location of: existing transmission
equipment, AC and DC power equipment, distribution frame, earthing,
etc....and proposed location for the new one

Tower sketch indicating the: location of existing antennas, available
and proposed locations for the new ones, structure of the tower
Pictures of the most relevant elements
Path profile of every microwave link (if applicable)
Network diagram indicating azimuths and distances
Path azimuth photo
Survey report
Specific spreadsheet
PROPRIETARY APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Software application

HARRIS has developed software application TOOLS called Pathloss to
facilitate network design:

1 AZIMUTH : network topology
2 PROFILE : link profiles
3 PATH CALCULATION : point-to-point point-multipoint link budget
4 FREQUENCIES INTERFERENCE ANALYSIS
5 EQUIPMENT LIST & SUMMARY

Azimuth
Objective: Draw the network layout and calculate the distances and
the azimuts between the various stations.
Input data:
Station names
Station coordinates and altitudes
Type of architecture
Link between the stations
Output data:
Distance to the previous station
Azimut to the previous station
Site angle to the previous station
Layout of the network
Azimuth
Azimuth
Profile
Objective: Draw the path profile between 2 stations, taking into
account the clutter and the earth factor.
Input data:
Station names
Station and antenna altitudes
Frequency
Earth factor
Specified clearance
Distance, altitude and vegetation of several points between the 2 stations
Output data:
Drawing of the profile
Critical point and clearance in this point
Optimal antenna heights
Profile
Profile
Path Calculation:
Objective: calculate the link budgets for point-to-multipoint equipment,
identify the antennas sizes, guarantee the availability compliance with
ITU Rec./ Vigants 1975
Input data:
Frequency
Hop length
Fading parameters
Stations name
Feeder types & lengths
Antenna types
Equipment losses
Transmit power
Depointing and reflection losses
Path Calculation:
Output data :

Free space losses
Wave guide losses
RF received level
Gross and net margins
Outage time hop per hop and cumulated
Compliance status with objectives
Path Calculation
Microwave Worksheet - A-B.pl4

A B
Elevation (m) 2.00 2.00
Latitude 13 56 01.00 N 13 50 25.00 N
Longitude 100 34 08.00 E 101 00 53.00 E
True azimuth () 102.04 282.15
Vertical angle () -0.17 -0.17
Antenna model HSX10-44 (R) HSX10-44 (R)
Antenna height (m) 70.10 70.10
Antenna gain (dBi) 40.60 40.60
TX line type EWP43(4.7GHz) EWP43(4.7GHz)
TX line length (m) 90.00 90.00
TX line unit loss (dB /100 m) 2.80 2.80
TX line loss (dB) 2.52 2.52
Connector loss (dB) 0.50 0.50
Antenna model HSX10-44 (R) HSX10-44 (R)
Antenna height (m) 55.00 55.00
Antenna gain (dBi) 40.60 40.60
TX line type EWP43(4.7GHz) EWP43(4.7GHz)
TX line length (m) 80.00 80.00
TX line unit loss (dB /100 m) 2.80 2.80
TX line loss (dB) 2.24 2.24
Connector loss (dB) 0.50 0.50
Frequency (MHz) 4700.00
Polarization Horizontal

Path Calculation

A B

Path length (km) 49.28
Free space loss (dB) 139.76
Atmospheric absorption loss (dB) 0.37
Field margin (dB) 1.00
Main net path loss (dB) 65.97 65.97
Diversity net path loss (dB) 65.69 65.69
Radio model SDH 5 28MHz Plan SDH 5 28MHz Plan
TX power (watts) 0.60 0.60
TX power (dBm) 27.80 27.80
EIRP (dBm) 65.38 65.38
TX Channels 1h 4418.0000H 1l 4730.0000H
RX threshold criteria BER 10-6 BER 10-6
RX threshold level (dBm) -68.50 -68.50
Main RX signal (dBm) -38.17 -38.17
Diversity RX signal (dBm) -37.89 -37.89
Thermal fade margin (dB) 30.61 30.61
Number of exposures 1
Interference fade margin - multipath (dB) -5.04
Flat fade margin - multipath (dB) -5.04 30.61
Dispersive fade margin (dB) 45.00 45.00
Path Calculation

A B
Dispersive fade occurrence factor 3.00
Effective fade margin (dB) 30.16
Climatic factor 1.00
Terrain roughness (m) 6.10
C factor 3.29
Fade occurrence factor (Po) 1.11E+00
Average annual temperature (C) 27.00
SD improvement factor 99.32
Worst month - multipath (%) 99.99814
(sec) 48.89
Annual - multipath (%) 99.99930
(sec) 219.99
(% - sec) 99.99930 - 219.99

A-B.pl4
Reliability Method - Vigants - Barnett
Space Diversity Method Harris IF Combining
ITU-T: International Telecommunications Union -
Telecommunications sector
Technical advisory body on telecommunications networks

ITU-R: International Telecommunications Union -
Radiocommunications sector
Technical advisory body on radiocommunications
Workgroups, study groups, meeting: definition of recommendations
Lays the foundations of the world radio conference (every 2 years)
publication of radiocommunications regulations (Mandatory international
Treaty)
LINK BUDGET CALCULATION
ITU-R recommendation
Purpose to define the link performance level

Quality (error performance)

Availability (or unavailability)

Parameters:

Link characteristics

Equipment characteristics

Compliance with the objectifs
Definition:

A digital link is a digital section as defined in Rec 634, 696 and 697 when
it carries a constant-bit rate signal between two terminals with no
multiplexer / demultiplexer in between

It comprises one or several switching sections, themselves comprising
one or several hops
Digital microwave link's performance level is measured with:

Quality level (or error performance): fraction of the worse month during
which BER 10
-3
period in which the link is considered as available.

Unavailability level: fraction of total time in one year in which BER 10
-3

(during each second in a period of 10 consecutive seconds)
Error performance objectives are defined in ITU-T recommandations:

G.821, reviewed G.821

G.826, replacing G.821

The UIT-T does not define unavailability objectives
Main reason for non quality: multiple path propagation

Fadings due to atmospheric multiple paths

Fadings due to ground reflections
ITU-T G.821 (reviewed G.821) defined 3 quality areas within 64 kbit/s
fictive reference communication

ITU-R applies the ITU-T recommendations to real digital links using
microwave systems

High quality area, Rec. 634 (+ review project)

Medium quality area, Rec. 696 (+ review project)

Local quality area, Rec. 697 (+ review project)
ITU-R's criteria for quality objective (before definition ITU-T Rec. G.821
review)

Percentage of time with BER 10
-3
(SES)

-6
(DM)

Percentage of time with errored seconds (ES)

Residual bit error rate (R BER)

SES: Severly Errored Second
DM: Degraded Minutes
ITU-R's criteria for quality objective definition (since ITU-T G.821 Rec.
review)

-3

Percentage of time with errored seconds

Degraded minutes and residual bit error rate concepts are abandoned

SESR: Severly Errored Second Ratio

SER: Errored Second Ratio
ITU-R's objectives for quality (error performance)
(before ITU-T G.821 Rec.Review, en % of the more month
Quality

parameters
High quality

area

(Rec. 634)
(4)
Medium quality area (Rec. 696)
BER > 10
-3
(ses)
BER > 10
-6
(DM)
Errored Sec.
(64 kbit/s)
RBER
(L/2500) x 0.054
(1)
(L/2500) x 0.4
(L/2500) x 0.32
(L/2500) x5 x 10
-9
Class 1

280 km
0.006
(2)
0.045
0.036
5.6 x 10
-10
Class 2

280 km
0.0075
(2)
0.02
0.16
under study
Class 3

50 km
0.002
(3)
0.2
0.16
under study
Class 4

50 km
0.005
(3)
0.5
0.4
under study
Local quality

area

(Rec. 697
0.015
1.5
1.2
under study
(1): including 0.05 % for propagation
(2): including 0.0055 % for propagation
(3): add 0.125% by default for propagation
(4): for L < 280 km, class 1 objective
ITU-R's objectives for quality (error performance)
(after ITU-T G.821 Rec.Review, in fraction of ordinary month)
Quality

parameters
High quality

area

G.634 Rec. Review
Medium quality area (Rec. 696)
BER > 10
-3
(SESR)
Errored Sec.
(SES)
(L/2500) x 0.00054
(L/2500) x 0.0032
Class 1

280 km
0.00006
0.00036
Class 2

280 km
0.000075
0.0016
Class 3

50 km
0.00002
0.0016
Class 4

50 km
0.00005
0.004
Local quality

area

G.697 Rec.Review
0.00015
0.012
Degraded minutes and residual bit error rate concepts are abandoned
Unavailability criteria:

Hypothetical reference path is unavailable when in at least one transmission
direction, digital signal is stopped or when BER is noise than 10
-3
during at least
10 consecutive seconds
Unavailability causes

Equipment
Modulator, power supply, antenna

Propagation
Important variation of atmospheric refraction rain

Other causes
Noise interference, human activity ...
The following ITU-R, recommendations define availability objectives
for real links

High quality areas: REC. 695

Medium quality areas: REC. 696

Local quality areas: REC. 697

These objectives are global, without allocation to the various
possible causes
Availability objectives in relation to the rain: standard / superior
AVAILABILITY UNAVAILABILITY
STANDARD
SUPERIOR
99.99 % 1.10
-2
% = 0.01 % = 1.10
-4
of the year 50 mn / a year
99.999 % 1.10
-3
% = 0.001 % = 1.10
-5
of the year 5 mn / a year
The objective has to be chosen by mutual agreement with customer

Standard objective is generally chosen by default
Digital microwave link planning and implementation must be
performed in compliance with these recommendations

It is therefore necessary to have a forward - looking calculation
method for digital link quality and availability
Link budget parameters

Link characteristics:

hop length, climate, profile ...

Equipment characteristics
transmitted power, receiving threshold
connection losses, antenna gain ...
Gross margin
M
B
= P
E
- L
1
+ G
1
- PEL + G
2
- L
2
- P
S

P
E
: transmitted power
L
1
: connection losses, feeder
G
1
: station 1 antenna gain
PEL : losses of free space
G
2
: station 2 antenna gain
L
2
: connection losses, feeder
P
S
: receiving threshold (sensitivity, station 2)
E1 R1 R2 E2
Link budget calculation
Probability to exceed a given error rate of 10
-n
during the
worse month

P = K d
3.6
f
-0.89
(1+ |ep|)
-1.4
10
-MN/10
(%)
f: frequency (GHz)
d: hop length (Km)
M
N
: hop net margin (dB) for BER = 10
-n

e
p
= |h
r
- h
e
| / d path tilt (milliradians)
K = 10
-5.4
P
L
1.5
terrestrial paths, non mountainous regions
K = 10
-6
P
L
1.5
terrestrial paths, mountainous regions
K = 10
-4.9
P
L
1.5
paths above wide surfaces of water

P
L
: percentage of time in which mean gradient of refractivity in the first 100 m of
atmosphere is < -100N units / km (ITU-R Rec.453)

A
0.01
path attenuation exceeded during 0.01% of time is
given by the formula (Rec.530)

The values of attenuation exceeded during other
percentages of time (0.001 % < P < 1 %) are defined by:
A
0.01
= g
R
.d
eff
= g
R
.d.r (dB)
r = 1 / (1 + d/d
0
): distance factor
d
0
= 35 exp(-0.015 R
0.01
)
g
R
= K.R
a
: attenuation coefficient
R
0.01
: rainfall intensity exceeded during 0.01% of time
A
p
= A
0.01
0.12P
-(0.546 + 0.043 log (P))
(dB)
The fraction of total time during which the link is unavailable because of
the rain in one year is equivalent to the probability for rain
attenuation to exceed aperiodic attenuation margin (gross margin MB
minus the reduction created by interference) on each hop in the link.
A
0.01
= g
R
.d
eff
= g
R
.d.r
M
F
=A
p
= A
0.01
0.12P
-(0.546+0.043log(P))
P=4.5.10
-9
.10
(18.9-23.5log(MF / A0.01))
0.5
for (M
F
/A
0.01
)<3.8
P<1.10
-6
for (M
F
/A
0.01
)>3.8
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential
North American (NA) and ITU-R
Path Reliability (Outage) Calculations*
*Vigants North American and CCIR Rep. 338
Link Calculations for PDH Links. See Ref. 4,
Appendix C for ITU-T Rec. G.826 Link
Calculations and the Harris MCD Seminar
Supplements for ITU-R Rec. P.530-6/8
and ITU-R Rec. P.530-9/10 Link Calculations.
Performance Calculations
Topics
m Performance Period (year or any-month)

m Probability of Outage, U or SESR

m Probability of Multipath Outage Calculations
1) Vigants North American Model
2) Vigants CCIR Rep. 338 Model
3) ITU-R P.530 Models (see Seminar Supplements)

m Space, Frequency, 1:N, and Hybrid Diversity
Improvements - I
SD
, I
FD
, I
1:N
, I
HD

m Path Geometry

Multipath Fading Occurrence
m Radio frequency (~F),
m Path length (~D
3
ND to ~D
4
SD, FD, etc.),
m Humidity/temperature gradients,
m Terrain flatness,
m Calmness of the wind, stratification,
m Fog, ducting, layering atmosphere,

and decreases with:
Multipath fading increases with:

m Path inclination,
m Atmospheric turbulence,
m Terrain roughness.
Performance Standards
m North American performance objectives and computations are
annual, which accommodate a fade season.

m ITU-R performance (outage and quality) objectives and computations
are calculated over any month or worst fading month.

North America vs. ITU-R Performance Period
Conversions to/from North American annual outage
performance and ITU-R any month performance are
provided.
Probability of Multipath Outage
Outage Time = U
ND
or U
SD
x Fading Period, sec
= SES/yr or SES/any month.

m For a given path, U and SESR are numerically
the same in both NA and ITU-R computations.
m The Fading Period is a 2.1-4.6 mo (5.5-12x10
6

sec) fade season in NA (proportional to the
average annual temperature), and a 30-day
(2.6x10
6
sec) worst fading month in ITU-R
areas.
The first step in the prediction of multipath outage is the
probability of outage, U
ND
computation as a Severely-Errored
Second Ratio. U
ND
= SESR for a non-diversity link.

U
ND
= SESR = 2.5x10
-6
c f D
3
10
-CFM/10

= 0.0001042

when, for example:

U
ND
= Non-diversity probability of outage (SESR)
c = NA climate-terrain factor
= 1 (from c map), or x(w/50)
-1.3
x = NA climate factor, 1 (from x map)
w = Terrain roughness, 50 ft (from profile)
f = 6.7 GHz
D = Path length, 25 mi
CFM = Composite Fade Margin, 34 dB
Vigants North American (NA) Model
NA Climate-Terrain Factors, c
As revised by Bellcore 9/86
c = 0.25
c = 1
c = 2
c = 1
c = 4
c = 6
c = 0.25
c = 1
c = 4
Alaska coast, c = 0.25
Alaska interior, c = 1
Hawaii, c = 4
Caribbean, c = 4
c = 0.25
NA Climate Factors, x
*Flat terrain (w = 20', c =6) in
this climate area.
Hawaii,
x = 2

Alaska,
x = 1 (inland)
x=0.5 (coastal)
Caribbean,
x = 2
southern Yukon,
British Columbia,
x = 0.5
Other Canadian Provinces, x = 1
Annual Outage Time, T
ND

T
ND
= U
ND
(SESR) x Fade Season, SES/yr
= U
ND
x 8x10
6
sec [3 mo] x t/50
where

T
ND
= One-way outage (non-diversity), SES/yr
t = Average temperature, 50
o
F (from map).

Therefore
NA T
ND
= 0.0001042 8x10
6
50/50
= 834 SES/yr

Bellcore 25 mi Link Outage Objectives (1600 SES/T1 trunk/yr):
Short-haul (10 hops) = 6.4 SES/hop/mi/yr = 160 SES/hop/yr
Long-haul (75-150 hops) = >0.8 SES/hop/mi/yr = >20 SES/hop/yr
Average Annual Temperature, t
Alaska, Canada: Use 35 F (Vigants minimum)
Hawaii, South Florida, and the Caribbean are 75
0
F (Vigants maximum)
o
F
U
ND
(SESR) = KQ f D
3
10
-CFM/10

= 0.0001042 (same as NA calculation)

when, for example (same as NA path):

U
ND
= Non-diversity probability of outage (SESR)
KQ = ITU-R climate-terrain factor
= x(S)
-1.3
x = Climate factor, 2.1x10
-5
(from following table)
S = Terrain roughness, 15.2 m (from profile)
f = 6.7 GHz
D = Path length, 40 km
CFM = Composite Fade Margin, 34 dB
Vigants ITU-R Report 338 model, same path as NA:

Vigants ITU-R Climate Factors
Climate Regions x (ITU-R) x (NA)

Maritime temperate, coastal 4.1x10
-5
2.0
or high humidity/temperature

Maritime sub-tropical 3.1x10
-5
1.4

Continental temperate or 2.1x10
-5
1.0
mid-latitude inland

High-dry mountainous 1.0x10
-5
0.5

Climate-Terrain Factors: KQ = xS
-1.3
c = x(w/15)
-1.3

S,w = Terrain roughness, 6-42m range

and equivalent North American values of x
Multipath Outage Models (1)
Non-Diversity Probability of Outage
U
ND
(SESR) Models

Vigants North American Outage Model
U
ND
= 6x10
-7
c f D
3
10
-CFM/10

Vigants ITU-R Rep. 338 Outage Model
U
ND
= KQ f D
3
10
-CFM/10

1995 ITU-R P.530-5/6 Method 2 Outage Model*
U
ND
= K/100 f
0.93
D
3.3
(1+ xp)
-1.1
j
-1.2
10
-CFM/10

1999 ITU-R P.530-7/8 Outage Model*
U
ND
= K/100 f
0.89
D
3.6
(1+xp)
-1.4
10
-CFM/10

2001 ITU-R P.530-9/10 Detailed Link Design Outage Model*
U
ND
= K
D
/100 D
3.2
(1+xp)
-0.97
10
-0.032f 0.00085h -CFM/10

Notes: D is in km, K and K
D
are given as a % in the ITU-R tables.
K/100 derives SESR.
Multipath Outage Models (2)
U
ND
= SESR = Non-diversity probability of multipath outage
c, KQ = Vigants NA and ITU-R climate/terrain factors
K = Geoclimatic factor, with P
L
, highest % ducting
K
D
= 10
-3.9 0.003 dN1
s
a
-0.42
(P.530-9 Detailed Link Design)

dN1 = Point refractivity gradient in the first 65m
s
a
= 110x110m area terrain roughness from GTopo30 data
f = Frequency, GHz
h = Elevation amsl of the lowest antenna, m
D = Path length, km
CFM = Composite Fade Margin
xp = Path inclination angle, 0-24 mrad range
j = k=4/3rds grazing angle over a flat average terrain plane, 1-
12 mrad range (P.530-5/6 Method 2 only)
*mrad = milliradian 1
o
= 17.5 mrad 1 mrad = 0.0573
o
Notation
ITU-R Annual Outage Time, T
ND
T
ND
(month) = 0.0001042 x 2.6x10
6
sec/mo
= 270 SES/any month outage
T
ND
(year) = SES/any mo x 3.1 mo x t,
o
F/50

where
t,
o
F = Annual average temperature,
o
F
(see following chart for
o
F -
o
C)
T
ND
Year = 270 x 3.1 x 50/50 (50
o
F/10
o
C)
= 834 SES/yr (same as NA calc.)
Outage time (SES/yr or SES/any month), not an ITU-R
parameter, may be computed for field measurements
and comparison to North American calculations:

0
F
0
C
-50 -46
-40 -40
-30 -34
-20 -29
-10 -23
0 -18
10 -12
20 -7
30 -1
40 4
50 10
60 16
70 21
80 27

By Vigants model, minimum temperature is
35
0
F (2
0
C) and maximum is 75
0
F (24
0
C)
50
60
70
80
70
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20 -40
-50
-30
80
70

Average Annual Temperature, t
0
F

1+1 Space Diversity - I
SD
(1)
m Performance objectives
m Frequency band
m Path length, inclination
m Path geometry (clearance, reflection zone location,
diversity dish size and spacing; path: flatland?
mountainous?)
m Climatic conditions (k-factor range; ducting?)
m Support structure (building, space, tower loading)
m Aesthetic, architectural, zoning constraints
Depends upon:

1+1 Space Diversity - I
SD
(2)
T
SD
= T
ND
/I
SD

NA I
SD
= 7x10
-5
f s
2
10
CFM/10
/D
= 42 (SD dish separation s = 30 ft)
T
SD
= 834/42 = 20 SES/yr (meets objective)

ITU I
SD
= 1.2x10
-3
f s
2
10
CFM/10
/D
= 42 (s = 9.1 m), same as NA above
T
SD
= 270/42 = 7 SES/any month (meets
objective)
Since the computed 834 SES/yr and 270 SES/any month
non-diversity outages are excessive, diversity is added.

The following Space Diversity Improvement (I
SD
) assumes equal
main and diversity path fade margins (CFMs):

Space Diversity - IF Combining
m Errorless Data Switching between diversity
receivers anticipates a degraded condition (e.g. IF
slope alarm, FEC syndrome counts) and rapidly
switches the data before data errors occur.

m Dispersion-Sensing IF Combiners monitor signal
distortion, muting that signal with excessive dispersion.
Lacking this feature, the output signal could be more
distorted than either input, thus increasing outage.

The Space Diversity I
SD
model is equally applicable to
links with receivers using either Errorless Data Switching
or Dispersion-Sensing IF Combiners:


1+1 Frequency Diversity - I
FD
NA I
FD
= 50 Df 10
CFM/10
/f
2
D
MI
= 18 T
FD
= 834/18 = 47 SES/yr
ITU I
FD
= 80 Df 10
CFM/10
/f
2
D
KM

= 18 T
FD
= 270/18 = 15 SES/any month
where
Df = Diversity spacing, 0.16 GHz (2.4%)

In most ITU-R and some North American regions -
Canadian electrical utilities or in the U.S. with FCC
waiver - frequency and hybrid diversity may be used.
Except with >5% Df diversity spacings, I
FD
is less than I
SD
, but
NA and ITU-R outage objectives are often met with I
FD
.
Example:

1:N Frequency Diversity - I
1:N

Multiline 1:N links are assigned space diversity with 1+1 IF
combining or 1:N frequency diversity to meet outage
objectives. In the above I
FD
calculation, the diversity spacing
Df is replaced with Df
EQ
in 1:N links. 1:3 link example:
Df
EQ
= ___________N________________ , GHz
N + N-1 + N-2 + + _1_
Df 2Df 3Df NDf
where:
Df
EQ
= Equivalent FD spacing in the I
FD
calculation
N = Number of bearer channels (3, in a 1:3 link)
Df = Actual RF channel spacing (0.160 GHz), (starting with the
smallest spacing, if non-symmetrical)

Df
EQ
= 0.111 GHz (111 MHz, compared to Df = 160 MHz)
I
1:N
= 12.4 (compared to I
FD
= 18)

Hybrid Diversity - I
HD
If the highest T and R frequencies are assigned to the upper antenna
at the vertically-spaced antenna end of this link, the any-month (and
annual) outage times is further reduced by 2-10% (2x100 Df/f)
compared to space diversity alone.

Although only I
SD
is used in many hybrid diversity outage
calculations (I
SD
= 42 in these examples) a more accurate I
HD
model
adds these improvements to reflect Hybrid Diversitys even better
performance:

I
HD
= I
SD
+ I
FD
= 42 + 18 = 60 in these examples

Hybrid (space+frequency) Diversity can be used
in most ITU-R (and some NA) paths.
Vigants Annual Outage Time, T
T
ND
= 0.4 c f

t D
3
10
-CFM/10
= 0.4 1 6.7 50 25
3
10
-34/10
= 834 SES/yr (same as previous calculation)

T
SD
= 5.7x10
3
c t D
4
10
-CFM/5
/s
2

= 5.7x10
3
1 50 25
4
10
-34/5
/30
2

= 20 SES/yr (same as previous calculation)

Note that frequency is irrelevant and that outage varies as D
4
in all
diversity links (SD, FD, HD)

Simplified ND and SD Annual Outage Calculations

Required Fade Margin (CFM)
Reqd CFM (NA) = -5 log (3.5x10
-6
s
2
T)/(c t/50 D
4
)
= -5 log (3.5x10
-6
30
2
20)/(1 50/50 25
4
)
= 34 dB (same as previous computation)
The outage equations are combined to derive the required
fade margin for a space diversity link (T
NA
= 20 SES/yr):
Reqd CFM (ITU) = -5 log (4.6x10
-10
s
2
T)/(KQ D
4
)
= -5 log (4.6x10
-10
9
2
22)/(6.2x10
-7
40
4
)
= 31.4 dB
The ITU-R outage equations may also be combined:
The above ITU-R required CFM calculation reflects a higher
outage objective (22 SES/any-month) compared to the 7 SES
previously computed with the larger 34 dB fade margin (CFM).
Outage Calculation Constraints
m Normal multipath fading only:

m Excludes specular reflection fade outages in ND links and non-optimum
dish separations in SD links

m No fade margin reductions due to power fading
(antenna decoupling or misalignment, ducting, etc.)

m Excludes (or accommodate) interference

m Excludes dispersive fade outages (link DFM<50 dB)

m Excludes SES outage due to module switching, failures, and
maintenance activity.

m Rain outage is annualized over a ~10 year period
The Fine Print -
Multipath Outage Predictions assume the following:

Path Calculation Sheets
m Antenna sizes,
m Feeder (coax or waveguide) type,
m Radio system gain and adaptive equalization, and
m Diversity arrangements meeting performance objectives,
m Frequency band,
m Antenna heights (path clearances from profiles),
m Antenna min/max size constraints (decoupling, DFM),
m Antenna types (standard, or HP for interference), and
m Diversity spacings (for uncorrelated fading)
Final path calculations, which select the
are prepared only after the
have been already been assigned.

Path Geometry Computations

m Location of the reflection zone (dish heights?)
m Dish discriminations to the reflection (dish sizes?)
m Fresnel clearance at the reflection (diversity? spacing?)
m Path inclination angle
m Reflection grazing angle (V- or H-pol assignment?)
m Ray height at the reflection or obstruction area
m Reflected ray time delay, nsec (links DFM?)
m Optimum diversity dish separations to specular reflections
m RSL up or down fade depth to a specular reflection
m Arrival angle with k-factor variations (dish sizes?)
m Obstruction loss vs. terrain type (knife-edge, etc.)
Provide the:
Difficult Digital Microwave Paths
Definition: Those paths which support Analog Radio links
but may degrade less robust (older) Digital Radios:
m Path is short (perhaps <25mi/40km), but has
excessive clearance over exposed (little path blockage and
dish discrimination to) terrain supporting long-delayed (>10
nsec/10ft/3m) multipath reflections. Burst ES and SES
outages may occur if the link's DFM (radio DFM + antenna
discriminations) is less than about 50 dB.
m Path is very long (perhaps >50mi/80km) and affected
by elevated atmospheric ducting layers which generate
extremely rapid multipath fade activity. SES outages may
occur if the receiver quadrature recovery (relock) time is
>100 msec.
Geometry - Short, High Path
20 Mile Path
REFLECTION OR
OBSTRUCTION, K=1.33 <FT
AMSL, Mi>
X ELEV=1,200.
R ELEV=0.
DISTANCE=20.00
Y ELEV=1,200.
DIST XR=10.00
DIST RY=10.00
H<R>=1,150.
ANT. DISC. :
X,DEG=1.248
Y,DEG=1.248
FREQ=2.000 GHz
F<N>=101.76
SD DISH SEP:
SD<X>=18.3
SD<Y>=18.3
DELAY, NS=25.44
RSL<R=1>, dB=-11.45
R,DEG=1.248
32 km Path
REFLECTION OR
OBSTRUCTION, K=1.33 <M
AMSL, KM>
X ELEV=365.
R ELEV=0
DISTANCE=32.19
Y ELEV=365.
DIST XR=16.10
DIST RY=16.10
H<R>=350.
ANT.DISC.:
X,DEG=1.246
Y,DEG=1.246
FREQ=2.000 GHZ
F<N>=101.76
SD DISH SEP:
SD<X>=5.6
SD<Y>=5.6
DELAY,NS=25.44
RSL<R=-1>, dB=-11.15
R,DEG=1.246
1150 ft (351m)
K = 4/3
1.25
O
Discrimination
to the Reflection
1200
(365m)
750
500
250
0
1000
0 4 8 12 16
20
(32 km)
1.248
O

Grazing Angle
K =
0.109
O
Decoupling
Angle
Distance,Mi
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

A
M
S
L
,

F
t

with HP41CX REFL geometry printouts
Long delay (25 nsec) = poor radio DFM, but high (20+ dB)
antenna discriminations at1.25
0
= good link DFM (>50 dB)
Geometry - Long, High Path
100 Mile Path
REFLECTION OR
OBSTRUCTION,K=1.33
<FT AMSL, Mi>
X ELEV=2,400.
R ELEV=0.
DISTANCE=100.00
Y ELEV=2,400.
DIST XR=50.00
DIST RY=50.00
H<R>=1,150.
ANT. DISC. :
X,DEG=0.250
Y,DEG=0.250
FREQ=2.000 GHz
F<N>=20.35
SD DISH SEP:
SD<X>=45.8
SD<Y>=45.8
DELAY, NS=5.09
RSL<R=1>, dB=-5.20
R,DEG=0.250
161 km Path
REFLECTION OR
OBSTRUCTION,K=1.33 <M
AMSL, KM>
X ELEV=731.
R ELEV=0.
DISTANCE=161.00
Y ELEV=731.
DIST XR=80.50
DIST RY=80.50
H<R>=350.
ANT. DISC. :
X,DEG=0.249
Y,DEG=0.249
FREQ=2.000 GHz
F<N>=20.36
SD DISH SEP:
SD<X>=14.0
SD<Y>=14.0
DELAY, NS=5.09
RSL<R=1>, dB=4.77
R,DEG=0.249
K = 4/3
0.25

Discrimination
to the Reflection
1500
500
0
1000
0 20 40 60 80
100
(161 km)
0.249
Grazing Angle
K =
0.543

Decoupling
Angle
Distance,Mi
2000
2400
(731m)
1150 ft
(350 m)
E
l
e
v
a
t
i
o
n

A
M
S
L
,

F
t

with HP41CX REFL geometry printouts
Short delay (5 nsec) = good (>50 dB) radio DFM, needed since
there is very little antenna discrimination on long paths.

Not Computing Path Geometry?
m Too small Poor discrimination to reflections/interference (degraded
link DFM/IFM, more
reflection fading)

m Too large and/or Subject to heavy multipath fade activity and more
not uptilted outage due to antenna
decoupling

m Too high Exposed to the reflection, more feeder loss

m Too low Obstructed path, power fading with ducting

m Improperly spaced Correlated fade activity between dishes

m Horizontally Deeper fade depth compared to V-pol
polarized with grazing angle >0.2
O

Antennas Possible Effect
Polarization Selection
Reduction of the reflection coefficient (fade depth) with V-
pol (grazing angle >0.2
0
). Rain outage on V-pol paths
above 10 GHz is also reduced 40-60% compared to H-pol.
Reflection coefficient and fade depth vs.
grazing angle (V- and H-pol)
Fade charts, V- and H-pol,
showing much smaller
specular reflection fade
depths with V-polarization
(Italian path, Y = about 0.4
0
).

Maximum Fade
Depth, dB
(Reflection)
50+
20
14
10.5
8
6
4.5
3
2
1
0
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0* 0.1* 0.3* 0.5* 1* 3* 5* 10* 30* 50* 90*
Maximum Fade Depth = 20 log
_1_
1+R
GRAZING ANGLE, Y, degrees
M
A
G
N
I
T
U
D
E
,

R


Path Calculations - Conclusions
m Vigants North American/ITU-R Rep.338 multipath outage model provides an
accurate estimate of performance worldwide in optimally configured and
aligned digital microwave links.

m However, the new ITU-R Rec. P.530 model is replacing Vigants Rep. 338 model
in many international regions.

m The Transmission Engineers main function is to configure the path clearances,
antenna heights, types, and sizes, and diversity schemes to accommodate
ducting (power fading), specular reflections, and interference over wide diurnal
and seasonal variations in climate and terrain.

m The Manufacturers Responsibility is to provide robust digital microwave radios
with effective network management, and

m Installation Crews must align antennas for optimum long-term performance.
Models and Responsibilities:
Useful Formulas
For English (ft, mi, GHz, dB) Metric (m, km, GHz, dB)

Path Loss 96.6 + 20 log f + 20 log D 92.4 + 20 log f + 20 log D
Earths curvature 0.67 d
1
d
2
/k d
1
d
2
/12.7k
F
1
radius 72.1 (d
1
d
2
/f D)
0.5
17.3 (d
1
d
2
/f D)
0.5

F
n
radius F
1
(n)
0.5
F
1
(n)
0.5

Dish gain (55% eff) 7.5 + 20 log f + 20 log d 17.8 + 20 log f + 20 log d
Dish BW, degrees 66/fd 20/fd

Div. dish separation 1200 D/f h(t) 127D/f h(t)
Multipath delay, nsec F
n
/2f F
n
/2f

NOTATION: f = frequency, GHz D = path length
k = k-factor (4/3, etc.) d
1
, d
2
= distances (d
1
+ d
2
= D)
h(t) = Tx dish height above n = Fresnel zone number
the reflection plane F
1
= 1st Fresnel zone radius
d = dish diameter
Supplementing the Outage Model

Thank you
www.huawei.com

Micowave Survey Knowledge 20080226 A

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