PROTECTION SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY
Er. Parveen Arora
XEN Switchyard Div.-II


PANIPAT THERMAL POWER STATION.
A UNIT OF HARYANA POWER GENERATION CORPORATION LIMITED
HPGCL


FAULT

RELAYS

A relay is an automatic
device which senses an
abnormal condition in an
electric circuit and
closes its contacts.
These contacts in turn
close the circuit breaker
trip coil circuit.

PICK UP LEVEL

The value of the
actuating quantity
(current or voltage) which
is on the threshold
(border) above which the
relay operates.
Reset level
The value of current or
voltage below which a
relay opens its contacts
and comes to original
position.


OPERATING TIME
The time which elapses
between the instant when
the actuating quantity
exceeds the pick up
value to the instant when
the relay contacts close.

REACH
A distance relay operates
whenever the impedance
seen by the relay is less
than a prespecified value.
This impedance or the
corresponding distance is
known as the reach of
relay.
FUNCTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
A protective relay is
required to satisfy four
basic functional
characteristics :

RELIABLITY
The relay should be
reliable is a basic
requirement. It must
operate when it is
required.
SELECTIVITY
It is the basic requirement
of the relay in which it
should be possible to select
which part of the system is
faulty and which is not and
should isolate the faulty part
of the system from the
healthy one.
SPEED
A protective relay must
operate at the required
speed. It should neither be
too slow which may result
in damage to the
equipment, nor should it be
too fast which may result in
undesired operation during
transient fault.
SENSIVITY
A relay should be
sufficiently sensitive so that
it operates reliably when
required under the actual
conditions in the system
which produce the least
tendency for operation.





OPERATING
PRINCIPLES OF
RELAYS


Electromagnetic attraction.
Electromagnetic induction
Over current Relays
Instantaneous Over Current
Relays.
Inverse Time Current Relay.
Inverse definite Minimum Time
(IDMT) Over Current Relay.
Very Inverse Relay.
Extremely Inverse Relay.







DIRECTIONAL OVER
CURRENT RELAY
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
The most common application
of this relay is the current
differential type.
FEEDER PROTECTION
Over Current Protection.
Distance Protection.
Pilot Relaying Protection
The discrimination using over
current is achieved in the
following ways:
1. Time graded system.
2. Current graded system.
3. Time current graded system.







DISTANCE PROTECTION