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Geometric Dimensioning
and Tolerancing (GD&T)
Dimensioning can be divided into
three categories:
general dimensioning,
geometric dimensioning, and
surface texture.

The following provides
information necessary to begin to
understand geometric
dimensioning and tolerancing
(GD&T)
Three Categories of
Dimensioning
Limit Tolerancing Applied
To An Angle Block
Geometric Tolerancing
Applied To An Angle Block
Geometric Dimensioning
& Tolerancing (GD&T)
GD&T is a means of
dimensioning & tolerancing
a drawing which considers
the function of the part and
how this part functions
with related parts.
This allows a drawing to
contain a more defined
feature more accurately,
without increasing tolerances.

GD&T contd
GD&T has increased in practice in
last 15 years because of ISO
9000.
ISO 9000 requires not only that something
be required, but how it is to be controlled.
For example, how round does a round
feature have to be?
GD&T is a system that uses
standard symbols to indicate
tolerances that are based on the
features geometry.
Sometimes called feature based
dimensioning & tolerancing or true
position dimensioning & tolerancing
GD&T practices are specified in
ANSI Y14.5M-1994.
For Example
Given Table Height


However, all surfaces have a degree of
waviness, or smoothness. For
example, the surface of a 2 x 4 is much
wavier (rough) than the surface of a
piece of glass.
As the table height is dimensioned, the
following table would pass inspection.






If top must be flatter, you could tighten
the tolerance to 1/32.
However, now the height is restricted to
26.97 to 27.03 meaning good tables would
be rejected.
Assume all 4 legs will be
cut to length at the same
time.
or
Example contd.
You can have both, by using
GD&T.
The table height may any height
between 26 and 28 inches.
The table top must be flat within
1/16. (1/32)


27
.06
26
.06
28
.06
WHY IS GD&T IMPORTANT
Saves money
For example, if large number
of parts are being made
GD&T can reduce or eliminate
inspection of some features.
Provides bonus tolerance
Ensures design, dimension, and
tolerance requirements as they
relate to the actual function
Ensures interchangeability of
mating parts at the assembly
Provides uniformity
It is a universal understanding of
the symbols instead of words

WHEN TO USE GD&T
When part features are critical to
a function or interchangeability
When functional gaging is
desirable
When datum references are
desirable to insure consistency
between design
When standard interpretation or
tolerance is not already implied
When it allows a better choice of
machining processes to be made
for production of a part
TERMINOLOGY REVIEW
Maximum Material Condition
(MMC): The condition where a size
feature contains the maximum amount
of material within the stated limits of
size. I.e., largest shaft and smallest
hole.
Least Material Condition (LMC): The
condition where a size feature
contains the least amount of material
within the stated limits of size. I.e.,
smallest shaft and largest hole.
Tolerance: Difference between MMC
and LMC limits of a single dimension.
Allowance: Difference between the
MMC of two mating parts. (Minimum
clearance and maximum interference)
Basic Dimension: Nominal
dimension from which tolerances are
derived.
THIS MEAN?
WHAT DOES
SIZE DIMENSION
2.007
2.003
LIMITS OF SIZE
SIZE DIMENSION
MMC
LMC
ENVELOPE OF SIZE
(2.003)
(2.007)
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LIMITS OF SIZE
A variation in form is allowed
between the least material
condition (LMC) and the
maximum material condition
(MMC).
Envelop Principle defines the
size and form relationships
between mating parts.
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LMC
CLEARANCE
MMC
ALLOWANCE
LIMITS OF SIZE
LIMITS OF SIZE
The actual size of the feature at
any cross section must be
within the size boundary.
MMC
LMC
No portion of the feature may
be outside a perfect form
barrier at maximum material
condition (MMC).
LIMITS OF SIZE
PARALLEL PLANES
PARALLEL PLANES PARALLEL PLANES CYLINDER ZONE
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING TOLERANCE ZONES
PARALLEL LINES PARALLEL LINES PARALLEL LINES
PARALLEL PLANES PARALLEL PLANES
Other Factors
I.e., Parallel Line Tolerance Zones
INDIVIDUAL
(No Datum
Reference)
INDIVIDUAL
or RELATED
FEATURES
RELATED
FEATURES
(Datum
Reference
Required)
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC CONTROLS
TYPE OF
FEATURE
TYPE OF
TOLERANCE
CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
SYMMETRY
FLATNESS
STRAIGHTNESS
CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
LINE PROFILE
SURFACE PROFILE
PERPENDICULARITY
ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
CIRCULAR RUNOUT
TOTAL RUNOUT
CONCENTRICITY
POSITION
FORM
PROFILE
ORIENTATION
RUNOUT
LOCATION
14 characteristics that may be controlled
Characteristics & Symbols
contd.
Maximum Material Condition MMC
Regardless of Feature Size RFS
Least Material Condition LMC
Projected Tolerance Zone
Diametrical (Cylindrical) Tolerance
Zone or Feature
Basic, or Exact, Dimension
Datum Feature Symbol

Feature Control Frame
THE
GEOMETRIC SYMBOL
TOLERANCE INFORMATION
DATUM REFERENCES
FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
COMPARTMENT VARIABLES
CONNECTING WORDS
MUST BE WITHIN
OF THE FEATURE
RELATIVE TO
Feature Control Frame
Feature Control Frame
Uses feature control frames to
indicate tolerance











Reads as: The position of the
feature must be within a .003
diametrical tolerance zone at
maximum material condition
relative to datums A, B, and C.
Feature Control
Frame
Uses feature control frames to indicate
tolerance





Reads as: The position of the feature
must be within a .003 diametrical
tolerance zone at maximum material
condition relative to datums A at
maximum material condition and B.
The of the feature must be within a tolerance
zone.

The of the feature must be within a
tolerance zone at relative
to Datum .



The of the feature must be within a
tolerance zone relative to Datum .



The of the feature must be within a
zone at
relative to Datum .


The of the feature must be within a
tolerance zone relative to datums .
Reading Feature Control Frames
Placement of Feature
Control Frames
May be attached to a side, end
or corner of the symbol box to
an extension line.








Applied to surface.


Applied to axis
Placement of Feature
Control Frames Contd.
May be below or closely
adjacent to the dimension or
note pertaining to that feature.
.500.005
Basic Dimension
A theoretically exact size, profile,
orientation, or location of a feature or
datum target, therefore, a basic
dimension is untoleranced.
Most often used with position,
angularity, and profile)
Basic dimensions have a rectangle
surrounding it.



1.000
Basic Dimension
contd.
Form Features
Individual Features
No Datum Reference

Flatness Straightness
Cylindricity Circularity
Form Features Examples
Flatness as stated on
drawing: The flatness of the
feature must be within .06
tolerance zone.
.003
0.500 .005
.003
0.500 .005
Straightness applied to a flat surface: The
straightness of the feature must be within .003
tolerance zone.
Form Features Examples
Straightness applied to the surface of a
diameter: The straightness of the feature must
be within .003 tolerance zone.
.003
0.500
0.505

Straightness of an Axis at MMC: The derived
median line straightness of the feature must be
within a diametric zone of .030 at MMC.
.030
0.500
0.505

M

1.010
0.990
BEZEL
CASE
CLAMP
PROBE
DIAL INDICATOR
6
8
10
12
10
8
6
4
2 2
4
Dial Indicator
Verification of Flatness
Activity 13
Work on worksheets GD&T 1,
GD&T 2 #1 only, and GD&T 3
(for GD&T 3 completely
dimension. grid.)

Features that Require
Datum Reference

Orientation
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Parallelism
Runout
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Location
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry
Datum
Datums are features (points, axis,
and planes) on the object that are
used as reference surfaces from
which other measurements are
made. Used in designing, tooling,
manufacturing, inspecting, and
assembling components and sub-
assemblies.
As you know, not every GD&T
feature requires a datum, i.e., Flat
1.000
Datums contd.
Features are identified with
respect to a datum.
Always start with the letter A
Do not use letters I, O, or Q
May use double letters AA,
BB, etc.
This information is located in
the feature control frame.

Datums on a drawing of a
part are represented using
the symbol shown below.



Datum Reference Symbols
The datum feature symbol
identifies a surface or feature
of size as a datum.
A
ISO
A
ANSI
1982
ASME
A
1994
Placement of Datums
Datums are generally placed on a feature, a
centerline, or a plane depending on how
dimensions need to be referenced.

A A OR
ASME 1994
A
ANSI 1982
Line up with arrow only when
the feature is a feature of
size and is being defined as
the datum
Placement of Datums
Feature sizes, such as holes



Sometimes a feature has a
GD&T and is also a datum

.500.005
A
.500.005
A .500.005
6 ROTATIONAL
6 LINEAR AND
FREEDOM
DEGREES OF
UP
DOWN
RIGHT
LEFT
BACK
FRONT
UNRESTRICTED FREE
MOVEMENT IN SPACE
TWELVE DEGREES OF FREEDOM
Example Datums
Datums must be
perpendicular to each other
Primary







Secondary







Tertiary Datum
Primary Datum
A primary datum is selected
to provide functional
relationships, accessibility,
and repeatability.
Functional Relationships
A standardization of size is desired in
the manufacturing of a part.
Consideration of how parts are
orientated to each other is very
important.
For example, legos are made in a
standard size in order to lock into
place. A primary datum is chosen
to reference the location of the
mating features.
Accessibility
Does anything, such as, shafts, get in
the way?
Primary Datum contd.
Repeatability
For example, castings, sheet
metal, etc.
The primary datum chosen must
insure precise measurements.
The surface established must
produce consistent
Measurements when producing
many identical parts to meet
requirements specified.
FIRST DATUM ESTABLISHED
BY THREE POINTS (MIN)
CONTACT WITH SIMULATED
DATUM A
Primary Datum
Restricts 6 degrees of freedom
Secondary &
Tertiary Datums
All dimension may not be capable to
reference from the primary datum to
ensure functional relationships,
accessibility, and repeatability.
Secondary Datum
Secondary datums are produced
perpendicular to the primary datum so
measurements can be referenced from
them.
Tertiary Datum
This datum is always perpendicular to
both the primary and secondary datums
ensuring a fixed position from three
related parts.


SECOND DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED BY
TWO POINTS (MIN) CONTACT
WITH SIMULATED DATUM B
Secondary Datum
Restricts 10 degrees of freedom.
Tertiary Datum
Restricts 12 degrees of freedom.
90
THIRD DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED
BY ONE POINT (MIN)
CONTACT WITH
SIMULATED DATUM C
MEASURING DIRECTIONS FOR
RELATED DIMENSIONS
Z
DATUM
REFERENCE
FRAME
SURFACE
PLATE
GRANITE
PROBE
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
BRIDGE DESIGN
Coordinate Measuring
Machine
SIMULATED DATUM-
SMALLEST
CIRCUMSCRIBED
CYLINDER
THIS ON
THE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
PART
DATUM AXIS
A
Size Datum
(CIRCULAR)
Size Datum
(CIRCULAR)
SIMULATED DATUM-
LARGEST
INSCRIBED
CYLINDER
THIS ON
THE DRAWING
MEANS THIS
DATUM AXIS A
PART
A
Orientation Tolerances

Perpendicularity

Angularity

Parallelism
Controls the orientation of
individual features
Datums are required
Shape of tolerance zone: 2
parallel lines, 2 parallel planes, and
cylindrical
PERPENDICULARITY:
is the condition of a surface, center plane, or
axis at a right angle (90) to a datum plane or
axis.
Ex:













The tolerance zone is the
space between the 2
parallel lines. They are
perpendicular to the
datum plane and spaced
.005 apart.
The perpendicularity of
this surface must be
within a .005 tolerance
zone relative to datum A.
Practice Problem
Plane 1 must be
perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2.
BOTTOM SURFACE
Practice Problem
Plane 1 must be
perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2
BOTTOM PLANE
2.00.01
.02 Tolerance
Practice Problem
Without GD & T this
would be acceptable
2.00.01
.02 Tolerance
.005 Tolerance
Zone
With GD & T the overall height may end
anywhere between the two blue planes. But the
bottom plane is restricted to the red tolerance
zone.
PERPENDICULARITY Contd.
Location of hole (axis)
This means the hole
(axis) must be
perpendicular within a
diametrical tolerance
zone of .010 relative to
datum A
ANGULARITY:
is the condition of a surface, axis, or
median plane which is at a specific
angle (other than 90) from a datum
plane or axis.












Can be applied to an axis at MMC.
Typically must have a basic
dimension.

The surface is at a
45 angle with a
.005 tolerance zone
relative to datum A.
0.01
PARALLELISM:
The condition of a surface or center plane
equidistant at all points from a datum plane, or
an axis.
The distance between the parallel lines, or
surfaces, is specified by the geometric
tolerance.
Activity 13 Contd.
Complete worksheets GD&T-
2, GD&T-4, and GD&T-5
Completely dimension.
grid
Material Conditions
Maximum Material Condition
(MMC)
Least Material Condition
(LMC)
Regardless of Feature
Size(RFS)
Maximum Material Condition
MMC
This is when part will weigh the
most.
MMC for a shaft is the largest
allowable size.
MMC of 0.240.005?
MMC for a hole is the smallest
allowable size.
MMC of 0.250.005?
Permits greater possible
tolerance as the part feature
sizes vary from their calculated
MMC
Ensures interchangeability
Used
With interrelated features with
respect to location
Size, such as, hole, slot, pin, etc.
Least Material Condition
LMC
This is when part will weigh
the least.
LMC for a shaft is the smallest
allowable size.
LMC of 0.240.005?
LMC for a hole is the largest
allowable size.
LMC of 0.250.005?
Regardless of Feature Size
RFS
Requires that the condition of
the material NOT be
considered.
This is used when the size
feature does not affect the
specified tolerance.
Valid only when applied to
features of size, such as
holes, slots, pins, etc., with
an axis or center plane.
Location Tolerances

Position

Concentricity

Symmetry
Position Tolerance
A position tolerance is the total
permissible variation in the location
of a feature about its exact true
position.
For cylindrical features, the
position tolerance zone is typically
a cylinder within which the axis of
the feature must lie.
For other features, the center plane
of the feature must fit in the space
between two parallel planes.
The exact position of the feature is
located with basic dimensions.
The position tolerance is typically
associated with the size tolerance
of the feature.
Datums are required.
Coordinate System Position
Consider the following hole dimensioned with
coordinate dimensions:






The tolerance zone for the location of the hole is
as follows:







Several Problems:
Two points, equidistant from true position may not
be accepted.
Total tolerance diagonally is .014, which may be
more than was intended.
2.000
.
7
5
0

Coordinate System Position
Consider the following hole dimensioned with
coordinate dimensions:






The tolerance zone for the location (axis) of the
hole is as follows:







Several Problems:
Two points, equidistant from true position may not
be accepted.
Total tolerance diagonally is .014, which may be
more than was intended. (1.4 Xs >, 1.4*.010=.014)
2.000
.
7
5
0

Center can be
anywhere along
the diagonal
line.
Position Tolerancing
Consider the same hole, but add
GD&T:




Now, overall tolerance zone is:



The actual center of the hole (axis) must lie in
the round tolerance zone. The same tolerance
is applied, regardless of the direction.
MMC =

.500 - .003 = .497
Bonus Tolerance
Here is the beauty of the system! The
specified tolerance was:





This means that the
tolerance is .010 if the
hole size is the MMC size,
or .497. If the hole is
bigger, we get a bonus
tolerance equal to the
difference between the
MMC size and the actual
size.
Bonus Tolerance Example














This system makes sense the larger the hole
is, the more it can deviate from true position
and still fit in the mating condition!
Actual Hole Size Bonus Tol. of Tol. Zone
.497 (MMC) 0 .010
.499 (.499 - .497 = .002) .002 (.010 + .002 = .012) .012
.500 (.500 - .497 = .003) .003 (.010 + .003 = .013) .013
.502 .005 .015
.503 (LMC) .006 .016
.504 ? ?
This means that
the tolerance is
.010 if the hole
size is the MMC
size, or .497. If the
hole is bigger, we
get a bonus
tolerance equal to
the difference
between the MMC
size and the actual
size.
.503
.497 = BONUS 0
TOL ZONE .010
.499 - .497 = BONUS .002
BONUS + TOL. ZONE = .012
Shaft
Hole
.501 - .497 = BONUS .004
BONUS + TOL. ZONE = .014
.503 - .497 = BONUS .006
BONUS + TOL. ZONE = .016
What if the tolerance had been specified as:


Since there is NO material modifier, the
tolerance is RFS, which stands for regardless
of feature size. This means that the position
tolerance is .010 at all times. There is no
bonus tolerance associated with this
specification.

VIRTUAL CONDITION: The worst case
boundary generated by the collective effects of
a size features specified MMC or LMC
material condition and the specified geometric
tolerance.








GT = GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCE
PERPENDICULARITY Contd.

Means the hole (AXIS) must
be perpendicular within a
diametrical tolerance zone of
.010 at MMC relative to datum
A.
Actual Hole
Size
Bonus Tol. of Tol.
Zone
1.997 (MMC)
1.998
1.999
2.000
2.001
2.002
2.003
Vc =
Activity 13 Contd.
Worksheet GD&T 6