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optical networks
Historical overview of optical networks
Optical networks
(a* .oint-to-point link
/ 0nitially' optical fiber used for point-to-point transmission
systems between pair of transmitting and receiving nodes
/ 1ransmitting node2 converts electrical data into optical
signal (&O conversion* , sends it on optical fiber
/ 3eceiving node2 converts optical signal back into electrical
domain (O& conversion* for electronic processing , storage
Historical overview of optical networks
Optical networks
(b* 4tar network
/ 5ultiple point-to-point links are combined by a star coupler
to build optical single-hop star networks
/ 4tar coupler is an optical broadcast device that forwards an
optical signal arriving at any input port to all output ports
/ 4imilar to point-to-point links' transmitters perform &O
conversion and receivers perform O& conversion
Historical overview of optical networks
Optical networks
(c* 3ing network
/ 0nterconnecting each pair of ad6acent nodes with point-to-
point fiber links leads to optical ring networks
/ &ach ring node performs O& and &O conversion for incoming
, outgoing signals' respectively
/ 7ombined O& , &O conversion is called O&O conversion
/ 3eal-world example2 fiber distributed data interface (8990*
Historical overview of optical networks
4O:&1;49H
4ynchronous optical network (4O:&1* , its closely
related synchronous digital hierarchy (49H* standard is
one of the most important standards for optical point-to-
point links
<rief 4O:&1 history
/ 4tandardi"ation began during =>?5
/ 8irst standard completed in @une =>??
/ 4tandardi"ation goals were to specify optical point-to-point
transmission signal interfaces that allow
interconnection of fiber optics transmission systems of
different carriers , manufacturers
easy access to tributary signals
direct optical interfaces on terminals
to provide new network features
Historical overview of optical networks
4O:&1;49H
4O:&1 defines
/ standard optical signals
/ synchronous frame structure for time division multiplexed
(195* digital traffic
/ network operation procedures
4O:&1 based on digital 195 signal hierarchy with
periodically recurring time frame of =25 As
4O:&1 frame structure carries payload traffic of
various rates , several overhead bytes to perform
network operations (e)g)' error monitoring' network
maintenance' and channel provisioning*
Historical overview of optical networks
4O:&1;49H
!lobally deployed by large number of ma6or network
operators
1ypically' 4O:&1 point-to-point links used to build
optical ring networks with O&O conversion at each node
4O:&1 rings deploy two types of O&O nodes
/ Add-drop multiplexer (A95*
Usually connects to several 4O:&1 end devices
Aggregates or splits 4O:&1 traffic at various speeds
/ 9igital cross-connect system (974*
Adds and drops individual 4O:&1 channels at any
location
Able to interconnect a larger number of links than A95
Often used to interconnect 4O:&1 rings
Historical overview of optical networks
5ultiplexing
3ationale
/ Huge bandwidth of optical fiber unlikely to be used by
single client or application $% bandwidth sharing among
multiple traffic sources by means of multiplexing
1hree ma6or multiplexing approaches in optical networks
/ 1ime division multiplexing (195*
/ 4pace division multiplexing (495*
/ Bavelength division multiplexing (B95*
Historical overview of optical networks
5ultiplexing
1ime division multiplexing (195*
/ 4O:&1;49H is an important example of optical 195
networks
/ 195 is well understood techni+ue used in many electronic
network architectures throughout 5-year history of
digital communications
/ 0n high-speed optical networks' however' 195 is limited by
the fastest electronic transmitting' receiving' and
processing technology available in O&O nodes' leading to so-
called electro-optical bottleneck
/ 9ue to electro-optical bottleneck' optical 195 networks
face severe problems to fully exploit enormous bandwidth
of optical fibers
Historical overview of optical networks
5ultiplexing
4pace division multiplexing (495*
/ 495 is straightforward solution to electro-optical
bottleneck
/ 0n 495' single fiber is replaced with multiple fibers used in
parallel' each operating at any arbitrary line rate (e)g)'
electronic peak rate of O&O transceiver*
/ 495 well suited for short-distance transmissions
/ 495 becomes less practical and more costly for increasing
distances since multiple fibers need to be installed and
operated
Historical overview of optical networks
5ultiplexing
Bavelength division multiplexing (B95*
/ B95 can be thought of as optical 895 where traffic from
each client is sent on different wavelength
/ 5ultiplexer combines wavelengths onto common outgoing
fiber link
/ 9emultiplexer separates wavelengths and forwards each
wavelength to separate receiver
Historical overview of optical networks
5ultiplexing
B95 appears to be the most promising approach to tap
into vast amount of fiber bandwidth while avoiding
shortcomings of 195 and 495
/ &ach B95 wavelength may operate at arbitrary line rate
well below aggregate 195 line rate
/ B95 takes full advantage of bandwidth potential without
re+uiring multiple 495 fibers $% cost savings
Optical B95 networks widely deployed , studied by
network operators' manufacturers' and research groups
worldwide
&xisting , emerging high-performance optical networks
are likely to deploy all three multiplexing techni+ues'
capitali"ing on the respective strengths of 195' 495'
and B95
Historical overview of optical networks
OA95
0ncoming B95 comb signal optically amplified (e)g)' &98A* ,
demultiplexed (9&5UE* into separate wavelengths
Bavelengths
bypass
remain in optical domain
1raffic on wavelengths
drop
locally dropped
Cocal traffic inserted on freed wavelengths
add
Bavelengths multiplexed (5UE* , amplified on outgoing fiber
Historical overview of optical networks
OE7
: x : x 5 component with : input fibers' : output fibers'
and 5 wavelength channels on each fiber
&ach input fiber deploys 9&5UE , optical amplifier (optional*
&ach wavelength layer uses separate space division switch
&ach output fiber deploys 9&5UE to collect light from all
wavelength layers (plus optional optical amplifier*
Historical overview of optical networks
Bavelength conversion
1ype 9efinition
8ixed conversion 4tatic mapping between input wave-
length
i
and output wavelength
6
Cimited-range conversion 0nput wavelength
i
can be mapped to a
subset of available output wavelengths
8ull-range conversion 0nput wavelength
i
can be mapped to
all available output wavelengths
4parse conversion Bavelength conversion is supported
only by a subset of network nodes
Historical overview of optical networks
Bavelength conversion
Bavelength converters may be reali"ed
/ by O& converting optical signal arriving on wavelength
i
and
retransmitting it on wavelength
6
(implying O&O conversion*
/ by exploiting fiber nonlinearities (avoiding O&O conversion*
<enefits of wavelength converters
/ Help resolve wavelength conflicts on output links $% reduced
blocking probability
/ 0ncrease spatial wavelength reuse $% improved bandwidth
efficiency
At the downside' wavelength converters are rather
expensive $% solutions to cut costs
/ 4parse wavelength conversion
/ 7onverter sharing inside B0E7
7onverter share-per-node approach
7onverter share-per-link approach
Historical overview of optical networks
3econfigurability
<eneficial property of dynamically rerouting and load
balancing of traffic in response to traffic load changes
and;or network failures in order improve network
flexibility , performance
3econfigurable AO:s may be reali"ed by using
/ 1unable wavelength converters (1B7s*
/ 1unable transmitters , receivers
/ 5ultiwavelength transmitters , receivers
/ 3econfigurable OE7s (3OE7s*
/ 3econfigurable OA95s (3OA95s*
Historical overview of optical networks
3OA95
7onventional OA95 becomes reconfigurable by using optical 2 x 2
cross-bar switches on in-transit paths between 9&5UE and 5UE
7ross-bar switches are electronically controlled independently
from each other to locally drop;add (cross state* or forward (bar
state* traffic on separate wavelengths
Historical overview of optical networks
7ontrol , 5anagement
3econfigurable AO:s allow to reali"e powerful
telecommunications network infrastructures' but also
give rise to some problems
/ 8ind optimal configuration for given traffic scenario
/ .rovide best reconfiguration policies in presence of traffic
load changes' network failures' and network upgrades
/ !uarantee proper and efficient operation
1o solve these problems' control , management of
reconfigurable AO:s is key to make them commercially
viable
Historical overview of optical networks
7ontrol
Adding control functions to AO:s allows to
/ set up
/ modify and
/ tear down
optical circuits such as lightpaths and light-trees by
(re*configuring tunable transceivers' tunable wavelength
converters' 3OE7s' and 3OA95s along the path
AO:s typically use a separate wavelength channel called
optical supervisory channel (O47* to distribute control ,
management information among all network nodes
Historical overview of optical networks
O47
Unlike optically bypassing data wavelength channels' O47
is O&O converted at each network node (e)g)' electronic
controller of 3OA95*
O47 enables both distributed and centrali"ed control of
tunable;reconfigurable network elements
/ 9istributed control
Any node is able to send control information to network
elements and thus remotely control their state
/ 7entrali"ed control
A single entity is authori"ed to control the state of
network elements
7entral control entity traditionally part of network
management system (:54*
Historical overview of optical networks
:54
:54 ac+uires and maintains global view of current
network status by
/ issuing re+uests to network elements and
/ processing responses and update notifications sent by
network elements
&ach network element determines and continuously
updates link connectivity , link characteristics to its
ad6acent nodes' stores this information in its ad6acency
table' and sends its content to :54
:54 uses this information of all nodes in order to
/ construct , update view of current topology' node
configuration' and link status of entire network
/ set up' modify' and tear down optical end-to-end
connections
1elecommunications 5anagement :etwork (15:*
framework plays ma6or role in reconfigurable AO:s
Historical overview of optical networks
15:
@ointly standardi"ed by 01U-1 and 04O
0ncorporates wide range of standards that cover
management issues of the so-called 87A.4 model
/ 8ault management
/ 7onfiguration management
/ Accounting management
/ .erformance management
/ 4ecurity management
Historical overview of optical networks
87A.4 model
8ault management
/ 5onitoring , detecting fault conditions
/ 7orrelating internal , external failure symptoms
/ 3eporting alarms to :54
/ 7onfiguring restoration mechanisms
7onfiguration management
/ .rovides connection set-up and tear-down capabilities
/ .aradigms for connection set-up and release
5anagement provisioning (initiated by network
administrator via :54 interface*
&nd-user signaling (initiated by end user via signaling
interface without intervention by :54*
Historical overview of optical networks
87A.4 model
Accounting management
/ Also known as billing management
/ .rovides mechanisms to record resource usage , charge
accounts for it
.erformance management
/ 5onitoring , maintaining +uality of established optical
circuits
4ecurity management
/ 7omprises set of functions that protect network from
unauthori"ed access (e)g)' cryptography*