Integrated circuit

presented by
k.pasupathi
M.Prabakaran.
P.Prabakaran.
B.Pragadeeswaran.
G.Pugalendiran.

Integrated circuit:
A complex set of
electronic components
and their
interconnections that are
imprinted onto a tiny
slice of semiconducting
material. Integrated
Circuits are usually called
ICs or chips.




The first integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack
Kilby

Synthetic detail of an integrated circuit through four layers of
planarized copper interconnect, down to the polysilicon
(pink), wells (greyish), and substrate(green).

Computers, cellular phones, and other digital appliances are
now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies.
That is, modern computing , communications,
manufacturing and transport systems, including the Internet
, all depend on the existence of integrated circuits.













OVER VIEW OF ICs
IC's can be soldered directly into printed circuit
boards, or may plug into sockets which have already
been soldered into the board.
When soldering, ensure that the IC (or the socket) is
the correct way round and that no pins have been bent
underneath the body.
When fitting new IC's it is often necessary to bend the
pins in slightly, in order to fit it into the board (or
socket).

Chips:
Chips are same sizes 4040 mils to 3003000 mils.
1 mils= 0.001 inch

SSI :
It is a Small scale integration, it was made up of 12 gates
.(Diode,Transister,resistance).

MSI:
It is A Medium scale integration,it was made up of 12-
100 gates. multiplexers, small memories, arithmetic circuits
here.



LSI :
It is a Large scale integration .it made up of more then 100
logic gates. It have many Memory units and microprocessors

VLSI:
It is a Very large scale integration. Single chip having 1000-
10000 same logic gates .it have more capacity memory units&
microprocessor system.

Types of Ics:

Integrated circuits can be classified into three types they are,
(1).Analog.
(2).Digital.
(3).Mixed signal.

Analog ICs, such as sensors, power management circuits,
and operational amplifiers, work by processing continuous
signals. They perform functions like amplification, active
filtering, de modulation, mixing, etc
Con.
Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from
one to millions of logic gates, multiplexers(A device
that can interleave two or more activities), and other
circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of
these circuits allows high speed, low power
dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost
compared with board-level integration.

ICs can also combine analog and digital circuits on a
single chip to create functions such as Ac/Dc
converters and Dc/Ac converters. Such circuits offer
smaller size and lower cost.
Ics advantages:
Small size.

Low cost.

Very Low weight.

Easy Replacement.

Best quality.
Advantages :
To start, while integrated circuits are smaller and usually
require less power to operate, they are extremely difficult (if
not impossible) to modify or repair.

The IC is also more susceptable to electric damage from a
power surge (A brief strong increase in the electrical power
supplied )than its beefier(heavily built) component cousins.

IC's have the advantage in weight, size and power
consumption, giving IC's the nod on portability. They are also
less prone to damage from physical jarring(irregular
movements).
Dis-advantages
A potential disadvantage of integrated circuits is the
cost of replacing an IC that has failed

Another disadvantage of integrated circuits is that
design corrections and incremental design
improvements are not readily made.

One disadvantage of integrated circuits is that they
can be unsuitable for custom designed equipment,
because high volumes are needed in order to justify
the design and tooling costs.


Application
An application-specific integrated circuit
(ASIC) is an integrated circuit customized for a
particular use, rather than intended for general-
purpose use.
For example, a chip designed solely to run a cell
phone is an ASIC.

As feature sizes have shrunk and design tools
improved over the years, the maximum
complexity (and hence functionality) possible in
an ASIC has grown from 5,000 gates to over 100
million. Modern ASICs often include memory
blocks including ROM, RAM, Flash and other
large building blocks.
References:
www. wikipedia./i.c/.org

www. theinquirer.net / default.aspx.

www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Robert_Noyce.