Baseline Data

outdoor : 10-2009 to 06-2011

Indoor : 11-2009 to 10-2010
Technology Testing : 06-2010 to 07-2010
Deployment of Forced
Draft Stoves : 02-2010 to 06-2010


PILOT PHASE
(10-2009 to Present)

10 km
10 km
Pilot Phase
Experiment Concept
Village Center Observatory
Traffic-Sample site
NASA-
AERONET

SURYA
MISR
MODIS
A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment

Technology assessment, dissemination and
documentation of emission reduction in the pilot phase
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India
Cooking technology options
LPG
Biogas
Kerosene Stove
Biomass based
Improved Cook stove
Biomass based Mud Stove
Focus: Biomass based IC
Even in 2030, 632 million people in
India will depend on biomass for
energy
In-situ production and consumption
No expensive LPG like supply
chains

Natural Draft
Mostly single burner
Enhanced free convection- grates,
design
Mostly gasification through air pores
Price: 1100-2500
Forced draft
Only single burner
Air forced into stove chamber using fan
SMF battery power pack,
Gasification
Top loading- Processed Fuel, Pellets, rice:
$60-80
Model/
parameter
Thermal
efficienc
y (%-
age)
Reduct
ion in
PM2.5
(%-
age)
Reductio
n in CO
(%-age)
Reduction in
Black
Carbon (%-
age)
Natural
draft
20 - 28 20-39 26-34 22-55
Forced
draft
30-40 42-55 31-48 49-85
Strengths
10% 25% increase in thermal efficiency
PM 2.5 emissions reduction by a factor of 2-4
Weakness
Field Vs Lab: Performance differential
None of the commercial stoves meet WHO stipulated
PM2.5 levels
Mud Stove
Improved Cookstove
Transition
Baseline
monitoring
Testing
Development and
customization
Stove
dissemination,
capacity building
Post
dissemination
monitoring
Surya dovetailed an ongoing TERI DST
Project which
Tested 11 cookstove models
Established the advantages of
Forced Draft Stoves
Reduced cost by 40%
Surya dovetailed an ongoing TERI DST
Project which
Identified and trained village
volunteers
Optimized the right mix of fuels for
production of pellets
Facilitated the setting up of
entrepreneurship based pelletization
and stove dissemination
Surya
Energy for a Sustainable Future the Secretary-Generals Advisory Group On Energy And Climate Change (AGECC) Summary Report And Recommendations, 28 April 2010, New York
Desired Outputs Resources needed
(RN)
Activities
undertaken till
date
Contribution of activities
undertaken to outputs
Resources
mobilized and
spent
(RM& S)
Additional
resources required
(ARR)
Technology


Identification of
appropriate
technology options
for meeting cooking
energy needs


Customized forced
draft stove-single
pot

Customized forced
draft stove- two pot

Dissemination of 10
000 forced draft
stoves


Pilot testing of
different cook stoves
models in the Lab

Pilot testing of
different cook stoves
in the field

Comparative
assessment of biomass
stove technologies
focusing both on
emission and thermal
efficiency
characteristics

Dissemination of close
to 500 forced draft
stoves
In forced draft stoves emission
reduction ranges 60-80%

For Natural draft stoves it is
substantially less

Thermal efficiency and fuel savings
are much higher in forced draft
stoves
Surya-Pilot phase
Baseline monitoring : Cooking a major
source of high BC Concentrations
Baseline monitoring : BC Indoor
concentrations drive outdoor
concentrations
TERI Stove development under DST
Project
Patented Model
Cost- 2000
50% lesser price than comparable
commercial model
Dual Charging facility- Grid+ Solar
Separate Power pack
Dissemination to 50 households

Problems with existing single pot models
Requirement of processed wood-
Expensive pellets , Manual chopping
Men non inclined, Physically stressful for women
Continuous feeding
Single pot stove- insufficient for big family
Traditional Roti baking
Fuel incompatibility- inability to use non monetized
biomass
Hence development of a twin pot forced draft model

TERI Stove development under DST
(Indian Government) Project
Surya : Stove dissemination and
capacity building
Close to 500 stoves
village saturation
Another 500 stoves under
the DST project
Full Subsidy
Partial Subsidy
Full Cost
Training and awareness
campaign
Forced draft better than natural draft
Conclusions
Forced draft
stoves reduce
BC
concentrations
by 70%-80%
Cooking with
solid biomass
fuels-major
source of BC
over IGP
Peak values -
early morning
and evening
hours 100 g
m-3 are a factor
of 5 to 20 times
larger than day
time values
Fossil fuel
combustion has
significant
influence on BC
conc.
Reduction in
short lived
pollutants by
introduction of
efficient
technologies
A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment


Wireless System for High Spatial Resolution Data
Collection
N. Ramanathan
UCLA & NexLeaf
18
Monitoring Stove BC Emissions Using Mobile Phones
Filter, placed on
reference template
25 mm
Results sent
back via SMS
Picture sent
to server
Micro-Pump and Filter
N Ramanathan, et al,
Atm Environment,
2011
Innovations
$500 per unit, ultra low
power.
Low-tech: works with any
camera cellphone.
Real-time reporting.
Deployment in India for Surya Pilot Phase
20
Validation with four independent gold standard instruments: Error < 10%
Cookstove samples collected in
India, urabn samples in California
(n=80), comparison with Thermal-
optical and Aethalometer
Cookstove samples collected by
the EPA (n=600), comparison with
Thermal-optical reflectance and
transmittance methods.
Global BC Monitoring Network Using Mobile Phones
Will deploy 500 - 1000 cellphones in Surya Demonstration phase to
better understand spatial variability of BC
Use this data in conjunction with fine-resolution aerosol models
(Prof. Carmichael), to compute BC emissions, and improve
uncertainty in emissions inventories.
A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment



Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Center for Advanced Research on Environmental Health, (ICMR, Govt. of India)
World Health Organisation Collaborating Center for Occupational Health
Sri Ramachandra University
Chennai, India
Exposure Implications for Health Impacts from Interventions
Results from Preliminary Comparative Assessments of
Improved and Traditional Biomass Cook Stoves in India
K. Balakrishnan
Large base of information on concentrations/exposures
in solid fuel using households in India, but primarily
from traditional (mud) stove users
Previous intervention efforts have been directed at
distribution of Improved Cook Stoves, without explicit
exposure benchmarks for defining improvement
Multiple market based models now being purchased by
households
Few efforts to compare improvements as compared to
traditional cook-stoves and across multiple improved
stoves
BACKGROUND
Study design (Paired comparisons)
ICS1
FRC
ICS 2
FRC
ICS3
FRC
ICS 4
FRC
ICS 5
FC
ICS 6
FOFC
Indoor Kitchens Using Wood (72 HH; 2 states)
6 sub-groups ; 12 HH in each sub-group
24 hr PM 2.5, CO; HH Questionnaire
24 hr PM
2.5
, CO (Similar meal); HH Questionnaire
6 models of ICS distributed with training (1-2 months)
10% HHs sampled 6 months after ICS provision
HH-Household ; TC-Traditional cook stove; ICS- Improved Cook-stove; FRC-Free convection ;
FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection

Distribution of 24 hr kitchen concentrations
TC-Traditional cook stove; FRC-Free convection cook stove;
FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection

Comparisons of levels before
and after
PM2.5(g/m
3
)
Stove Type Levels N Median IQR % Difference p(Wilcox)
Total
Base 65 300 533
46.33 0.002
Post 68 161 261
Free Convection
Base 44 329 524.5
43.16 0.009
Post 47 187 257.5
Forced Convection and Optimised fuel
Base 10 142.5 231.25
25.96 0.770
Post 10 105.5 158.5
Forced Convection
Base 11 302 1347.5
67.22 0.032
Post 11 99 139.5
CO(ppm)
Stove Type Levels N Median IQR % Difference p-value(Wilcox)
Total
Base 66 5.88 8.70
42.25 0.0001
Post 68 3.40 5.69
Free Convection
Base 45 6.63 9.10
41.93 0.004
Post 47 3.85 5.73
Forced Convection and Optimised fuel
Base 10 2.79 5.36
13.37 0.193
Post 10 2.42 2.10
Forced Convection
Base 11 6.12 9.41
78.46 0.007
Post 11 1.32 3.89
Summary
Both free and forced convection models showed significant reductions
as compared to traditional cook-stoves (ranging between 43- 67%) for
both PM 2.5 and CO.
Our sample could not distinguish across improved stove models; detect
a significant difference with the fuel optimized free convection model;
or detect differences across states
The lowest concentrations measured were however still much higher
than the recommended WHO air quality guideline values for PM 2.5
(WHO AQG, Global Update 2005)
Several HH determinants would need to be addressed for longitudinal
exposure reconstructions in ICS studies
Stove use/number of meals (frequency) /cooking duration (length)
Stove location, change in fuel, ventilation (magnitude)
Other sources of exposure (confounding)
Role of ambient concentrations would need to be defined

Integrated matrices for emissions, exposures and stove use:
Implications for sustainability
TC
FRC
FOFC ?
Exposures
E
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
s

E
a
s
e

o
f

u
s
e

FC
TC-Traditional cook stove; FRC-Free convection cook stove; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection
Note: The chosen guideline is arbitrary on this scale as are the relative positions of the stoves. It is shown to merely illustrate the need to
integrate multiple inputs for choosing a technology to confer a required degree of exposure reduction

Guideline (Choice)
Guideline (Choice)
A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment



Climate Change Science

V. Ramanathan

On behalf of the Climate Change Team
Diurnal variation of seasonal mean BC concentration at SVI_1 village centre
(VC).
Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in BC Concentrations: Surya Village Center
Diurnal variation of seasonal mean BC concentration at SVI_1 village centre
(VC).
Seasonal Variation in BC Concentrations: Comparison with Climate Models
Simulated
Ganguly et
Al, 2010
Simulated
Menon et al, 2010
Monthly mean LIDAR extinction profiles (532 nm) from CALIPSO for the grid (2627N
and 8082E) for post-monsoon, dry and pre-monsoon seasons, respectively. SVI_1 is
located within this grid.
How Deep Does the Soot aerosols Penetrate?
NASA-CALIPSO Data
DEC to FEB
OCT to NOV
March to May
A
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n

C
o
e
f
f
t

Detection of Brown Carbon Absorption
Brown Carbon ?
Relevance to
Larger
Scale
Correlation
Between Surya
Village and
Indo-Gangetic
Plains
Atmospheric Heating by Aerosols:
(About 60% or more is due to biomass burning)
Potential Signal Strength of the Intervention
Cooking drives local outdoor BC concentrations.

Forced draft stoves are best from a BC mitigation perspective.

We can measure surface BC emissions with unprecedented spatial
resolution.

We will be able to measure the BC hole from Surface Based
measurements and Generalize to Regional Scales

Should be able to Detect it from Space; But a great Challenge;
But NASA is upto it ( Dr. R. Kahn, Goddard)
Wrap-up for Findings from the Surya Pilot Phase
A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment



Subhrendu Pattanayak Duke University
Sustainability:
Affordability and Acceptable Adoption



Meta Analysis of Stove Adoption
Personal Char. HH
Char.
In-
come
Credi
t
Energy Access / Supply
X
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.

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.

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e

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.

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w


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e

H
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e

I
n
c
o
m
e

C
r
e
d
i
t

W
o
o
d
?

W
o
o
d
$

C
o
a
l
$

K
e
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o
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n
e
$

L
P
G
$

E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
$

N
2 2 3 6 9 2 2 9 2 3 2 2
% +
50% 100% 67% 100% 50% 67% 50%
% -
67% 50% 50% 33% 100% 50%
% ~
50% 33% 100% 33% 33% 67% 50%
11 Analyses (8 papers)
SES, Income, Credit, substitute prices matter!
Similar findings for meta-analysis (140 analyses from
25 studies) of switching to clean fuels
Scaling up: Some Findings!
I. Who adopts clean fuels and improved cook stoves? (Lewis & Pattanayak)
SES, education, prices, urban matter
credit, information campaigns, social marketing not studied
II. What factors explain PCIA program location and stove sales? (Colvin,
Pattanayak, Sasser, Vergnano)
sales impacted by institution (government, location) & product
(price, testing) characteristics
providers currently in countries with problems (biomass burning,
ARI) and prospects (already spending on health programs)
III. Will cook stove programs be cost-beneficial is a wide variety of settings?
(Jeuland & Pattanayak)
cost-beneficial stove programs exist, but
substantial heterogeneity of NPV for different stove types