5-2 QUANTUM THEORY OF THE ATOM

 Bohr Model of the Atom

 Used to explain why AES was set of discontinuous
lines of specific frequencies (color).
 Proposed that Hydrogen atoms have only certain
allowable energy states based on Planck’s and
Einstein’s quantized energy.
 Ground state- lowest allowable energy states of an atom.
 Excited state- atom gains energy; H atoms can have
many different excited states although it contains 1 e-.
 Electrons move around a H atom in circular orbit
 Orbits equal to a principal quantum number n, where
n=1 is lowest nrg level, closest to nucleus.
BOHR MODEL OF THE ATOM

 Orbits/ levels are like rungs in

n =6 step ladder
n =5  Cannot stand b/w rungs, e-
n =4 can’t exist b/w levels (orbits).
 E- move from 1 orbit to the
n =3
next emitting or absorbing
certain amts of nrg (quanta).
n =2  The smaller the e- orbit, the lower
the energy state/level
 The larger the e- orbit, the higher
n =1 the energy state/level

nucleus
BOHR MODEL OF THE ATOM
 Hydrogen’s Line Spectrum (AES)
 At n= 1 H atom is in ground state
 When nrg is added, e- moves to higher energy level,
n=2 (excited state).
 E- drop back to lower energy level n=1 and emitts a
photon equal to the difference b/w levels.
A photon is
emitted with E=
hυ

A photon is
absorbed
 HYDROGEN’S LINE SPECTRUM
 Lines which show up have specific energies which correspond
to a frequency of a color of light.

A photon is
n emitted with
6
5 E= hυ for
4 each
E= 4.85 x 10-19 J
frequency
Energy of Hydrogen Atom

3
E= 3.03 x 10-19 J
2

1
5-2 QUANTUM THEORY AND THE
ATOM
 Quantum mechanical model is the modern
atomic model and comes from
A. Louis De Broglie: radiation (energy) behaves like
particles and vice versa.
1. All particles w/ a mass have wave characteristics
2. E- move around nucleus in a wave-like manner
B. Heisenberg uncertainty principle- impossible
to know both the velocity and position of an e- at
the same time.
C. Shrodinger: e-’s energy are limited to certain
Photon
values (quantum)
Photon but does not predict path
wavelength
1. Treated e-’s as waves changes
2. Created wave function = predicts probability of finding
Before After
e- in a volume of space (location)

Moving Electron
Electron velocity changes
HYDROGEN’S ATOMIC ORBITALS
 Shrodinger’s wave eqn predicts atomic orbitals
 Atomic orbital - 3D regions around the
nucleus that describes the e-’s probable
location.
a. atomic orbital = fuzzy cloud
b. Do not have a defined size
c. Shape = volume that contains 90% of the
probable location of e-’s inside that region.
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
 Like Bohr, electrons occupy space
surrounding nucleus and exist in several
principal energy levels = principal
quantum number (n)
 Relative size and energies of atomic orbital
 n = 1,2, 3, etc. = period
 Principal nrg levels consist of energy
sublevels with different nrg values.
 Energy sublevels – shape of the atoms’ orbitals
s = spherical
p = dumbbell
d, f= different shapes
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
 Principal energy levels have specific allowed
sublevels - shapes.

s p d f 4

s p d 3

s p 2
s n= 1
 s sublevel is lower in energy and f has higher
energy
QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL
 Sublevels consist of orbitals of different
orientation.
 Orbitals in same sublevel are = in energy (no matter
orientation)
 Orbitals only hold 2e- maximum with opposite spins (+
or – spins).
Sublevel Orientations/ Orbitals Max
# e-
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14