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RESEARCH DESIGN
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RESEARCH DESIGN
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Submitted By:-
Submitted To:-
Prof. SHILPA VOHRA
KAPIL CHOUBISA (04)
RAHUL HONAVAR (10)
NITIN KANOJIA (14)
SHREYANS MEHTA (18)
HAIDER ABBAS (27)
SATISH YADAV (43)
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AGENDA
SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 4
2 NEED FOR RESEARCH 5
3 FEATURES 6
4 CONCEPTS 7
5 QUALITIES 8
6 CHARACTERISTICS 9
7 LIMITATIONS 10
8 PROCESS 11
9 CLASSIFICATION 12-29
INTRODUCTION

A research design will typically include
how data is to be collected,
what instruments will be employed, how
the instruments will be used and the
intended means for analysing data
collected.




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NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN
It reduces inaccuracy;
Helps to get maximum efficiency and
reliability;
Eliminates bias and marginal errors;
Minimizes wastage of time;
Helpful for collecting research materials;
Helpful for testing of hypothesis;
Gives an idea regarding the type of resources
required in terms of money, manpower, time,
and efforts;
Provides an overview to other experts;
Guides the research in the right direction.



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FEATURES
The features that a good research procedure must
possess are
1. Should be systematic in nature.
2. Should be logical.
3. Should be empirical and replicable in nature.
4. Should be according to plans.
5. Should be according to the rules and the
assumptions should not be based on the false
bases or judgments.
6. Should be relevant to what is required.
7. Procedure should be reproducible in nature.
8. Controlled movement of the research procedure.

1. Dependent and independent variables:
2. Extraneous variable:
3. Control:
4. Confounded relationship:
5. Research hypothesis:
6. Experimental and non-experimental hypothesis-
testing research:
7. Experimental and control groups:
8. Treatments:
9. Experiment:
a) Absolute experiment
b) Comparative experiment
10.Experimental units:
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CONCEPTS
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QUALITIES
Qualities of a good researcher can be summarized as

1. Method of approach
2. Knowledge
3. Qualification
4. Attitude
5. Should have an open thinking.
6. Should be stable, having consistent thinking.
7. Should be honest, sincere, brave and ambitious.
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CHARACTERISTICS
Characteristics of research

1. Research is based on the scientific method.
2. Helps in answering various pertinent questions.
3. It is an organized, planned and patient investigation
or a critical enquiry.
4. It has logical roots, helping to establish facts or
principles.
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LIMITATIONS
Limitations of research

1. Problems of collection of data and conceptualization
may occur.
2. Repetition problems.
3. Outdated and insufficient information system may
cause problems.
4. Sometimes lack of resources becomes an obstacle.
5. Non availability of trained researchers.
6. Absence of code of conduct.
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PROCESS
Following are the steps in research design:

1. The Problem
2. Objective of the study
3. Nature of the study
4. Data sources
5. Techniques of data collection
6. Social cultural context
7. Geographical limit
8. Basis of selection
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CLASSIFICATION
Research Design
Exploratory Research
Design
Conclusive Research
Design
Cross-Sectional
Design
Casual Research
Design
Descriptive
Research Design
Longitudinal
Design
Single-cross
Sectional Design
Multiple-Cross
Sectional Design
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CLASSIFICATION CONT.
1. Exploratory Research Design-

In this type of design, a vague problem is selected and
understood and is then followed by an exploratory
research to find a new hypothesis and then carrying
out conclusion research decisions to finally get new
ideas.
Aims at finding a new hypothesis.
Individual surveys, referring to secondary sources of
data etc.
play an important role in such research designs.
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CLASSIFICATION CONT.
2. Conclusive Research Design-

Conclusive research is more likely to use statistical tests,
advanced analytical techniques, and larger sample sizes,
compared with exploratory studies. Conclusive research
is more likely to use quantitative, rather than qualitative
techniques .
Also referred to as the research design for
the descriptive studies and is further divided as follows
( a.) Descriptive Research Design-
( b.) Casual Research Design-

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EXPLORATORY vs CONCLUSIVE
Project
Component
Exploratory
Research
Conclusive
Research
Research Purpose General: generate insight Specific: verify insight
Data Needs Vague Clear
Data Sources Ill-Defined Well-Defined
Data Collection Form Open-ended, rough Usually structured
Sample Small, subjective Large, objective
Data Collection Flexible Rigid
Data Analysis Informal, typically
qualitative
Formal, typically
quantitative
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CLASSIFICATION CONT.

It attempts to describe and explain conditions of
the present by using many subjects and
questionnaires to fully describe a
phenomenon. Survey research design /survey
methodology is one of the most popular for
dissertation research.
( a.) Descriptive Research Design-
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IMPORTANCE OF DESCRIPTIVE
DESIGN




Studies can yield rich data.
Approach collects a large amount of data for
detailed analysis.
If limitations are understood, they can be a useful
tool in developing more focused study.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Information is collected without changing the
environment studies.
Helps researchers plan and carry out descriptive
studies.
Often involves extensive observation and note-
taking.
Can serve as a first step that identifies important
factors.

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TECHNIQUES in
DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
Survey
Experiments
Data Analysing
Note taking
Observing

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TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
1. Cross-Sectional Design-
A cross-sectional study is an
observational one. This means that researchers
record information about their subjects without
manipulating the study environment. In our
study, we would simply measure the cholesterol
levels of daily walkers and non-walkers along
with any other characteristics that might be of
interest to us. We would not influence non-
walkers to take up that activity, or advise daily
walkers to modify their behaviour. In short, wed
try not to interfere.
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
( a.) Single-Cross Sectional Design-
One of the types of cross-sectional designs in
which only one sample of respondents is drawn from
the target population and information is obtained from
this sample once. These designs are also called sample
survey research designs.
( b.) Multiple-Cross Sectional Design-
A type of research design in which two or more
samples of respondents and information from each
sample is obtained only once. Often, information from
different samples is obtained at different times
over long intervals.

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TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
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TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH
2. Longitudinal Design-
A longitudinal study is an observational research
method in which data is gathered for the same
subjects repeatedly over a period of time.
Longitudinal research projects can extend over
years or even decades.
In a longitudinal cohort study, the same
individuals are observed over the study period.
Cohort studies are common in medicine,
psychology and sociology, where they allow
researchers to study changes over time.

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CLASSIFICATION CONT.


This design is most appropriate in controlled settings
such as laboratories. The design assumes random
assignment of subjects and random assignment to
groups (E and C). It attempts to explore cause and
affect relationships where causes can be manipulated
to produce different kinds of effects. Because of the
requirement of random assignment, this design can be
difficult to execute in the real world (non laboratory)
setting.
( b.) Casual Research Design (Experimental)-
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MAJOR TYPES of EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
1. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Are so named because they follow basic
experimental steps but fail to include a control
in group.
Are lacking several areas of the true-
experimental criteria.
ADVANTAGE :
Very practical
Set the stage for further research



2. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Fair better than the pre-experimental studies in that they
imply a means to compare groups.
Usually constructions that already exist in the real world.

ADVANTAGE:
Greater external validity
Much more feasible given time and logistical constraints







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MAJOR TYPES of EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
3. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Makes up for the shortcomings of the two design
previously discussed.
They employ both a control group and a means
to measure the change that occurs in both groups.
MUST EMPLOY:
Random selection of subjects
Use of control groups
Random assignments to control and experimental groups
Random assignments of groups to control and
experimental conditions
ADVANTAGES
Greater internal validity
Casual claims can be investigated





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MAJOR TYPES of EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
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SOME TYPES of EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
SINGLE-GROUP DESIGN This design involves a
single instrument with two or more levels.
TWO-GROUP DESIGN Two comparable
groups are employed as experimental and
control groups or two comparable groups are
both experimental groups.
TWO-PAIR GROUP DESIGN An elaboration of
two-group design where in there are two
control groups and two experimental groups.


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SOME TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
COUNTERBALANCED (LATIN SQUARE DESIGN)
Involves an exchanged of two or more instruments
taken by the subjects during the experiment.

COMPLETE RANDOMIZED DESIGN This design in
which a group of test plants or animals is studied
only once but subsequent treatment is applied to
determine the cause of change.

RANDOMIZED COMPLETE BLOCK DESIGN This
experimental design uses a group of test plants and
animals as subjects of the study.





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SOME TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
CORRELATIONAL DESIGN - this experimental design is
used to determine the relationship of two dependent
variables.

PRE-TEST-POST-TEST DESIGN this design involves the
experimental group and the control group which are
carefully selected through randomization procedure.

CASE STUDY DESIGN is a problem-solving technique
wherein the study is described from the past,
present and the future.







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Questions or Comments
?
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