By

KARTHIKEYAN.K
ME-CAD
Seminar with the guidance of Dr. K.RAMANATHAN
August 18, 2014
CONTENTS

Hydraulic Power e!erators"

#electio! a!d s$eci%icatio! o% $u&$s"

$u&$ c'aracteristics"

(i!ear a!d )otary Actuators"

selectio!, s$eci%icatio! a!d c'aracteristics"

August 18, 2014
ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Hydraulic pump
Unit
Control
Valves
Actuators
August 18, 2014

Hydraulic pumps are the heart of hydraulic system,

which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.

The mechanical energy is given to the pump via an electric

motor.

The pump is classified into types

!. "ositive displacement or hydro static pump
. #on$positive displacement or hydrodynamic
pump

%n Hydrostatic pumps or positive displacement pumps, the

displacement &flow through the pump per rotation of the
pump' cannot (e ad)usted

%n Hydrodynamic or non positive displacement pump, the

displacement &flow through the pump per rotation of the
pump' can (e ad)usted.
August 18, 2014
PRINCIPLE OF PUMP

The principle of pump is that, due to

mechanical action, the pump creates a partial
vacuum at its inlet.

This permits the atmospheric pressure to force

the fluid through the inlet line into the pump.

The pump then pushes the fluid into the

hydraulic system and is delivered through the
outlet.
August 18, 2014
HYDRAULIC PUMP TYPES
!. *+A, "U-"S
a. +.ternal *ear "ump
(. %nternal *ear "ump
c. /o(e "ump
d. Screw "ump
. VA#+ "U-"S
a. Un(alanced vane pumps
(. 0alanced vane pumps
1. "%ST2# "U-"S
a. A.ial design
(. ,adial design
August 18, 2014
a. EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014

The e.ternal gear pump uses two identical gears rotating

against each other.

one gear is driven (y a motor and it in turn drives the other

gear.

+ach gear is supported (y a shaft with (earings on (oth

sides of the gear.
!. As the gears come out of mesh, they create e.panding
volume on the inlet side of the pump. /i3uid flows into the
cavity and is trapped (y the gear teeth as they rotate.
. /i3uid travels around the interior of the casing in the
poc4ets (etween the teeth and the casing $$ it does not pass
(etween the gears.
1. 5inally, the meshing of the gears forces li3uid through the
outlet port under pressure.
WORKING OF EXTERNAL GEAR PUMP
August 18, 2014
ADVANTAGES

High speed

High pressure

#o overhung (earing loads

,elatively 3uiet operation

6esign accommodates wide variety of materials

DISADVANTAGES

5our (ushings in li3uid area

#o solids allowed

5i.ed +nd Clearances

August 18, 2014
APPLICATIONS
Common e.ternal gear pump applications include,
(ut are not limited to7

Various fuel oils and lu(e oils

Chemical additive and polymer metering

Chemical mi.ing and (lending &dou(le pump'

%ndustrial and mo(ile hydraulic applications &log

splitters, lifts, etc.'

Acids and caustic &stainless steel or composite

construction'

/ow volume transfer or application

August 18, 2014
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION /
CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

Externals (head, casing, bracket) $ %ron, ductile

iron, steel, stainless steel, high alloys, composites
&""S, +T5+'.

Internals (shafts) $ Steel, stainless steel, high alloys,

alumina ceramic.

Internals (gears) $ Steel, stainless steel, "T5+,

composite &""S'.

Bushing $ Car(on, (ron8e, silicon car(ide, needle

(earings.

Shaft Seal $ "ac4ing, lip seal, component mechanical

seal, magnetically$driven pump.
! INTERNAL "EAR #UM#
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
WORKING OF INTERNAL GEAR PUMP

!. /i3uid enters the suction port (etween the rotor &large

e.terior gear' and idler &small interior gear' teeth. The
arrows indicate the direction of the pump and li3uid.

. /i3uid travels through the pump (etween the teeth of the

9gear$within$a$gear9 principle. The crescent shape divides
the li3uid and acts as a seal (etween the suction and
discharge ports.

1. The pump head is now nearly flooded, )ust prior to

forcing the li3uid out of the discharge port. %ntermeshing
gears of the idler and rotor form loc4ed poc4ets for the
li3uid which assures volume control.

:. ,otor and idler teeth mesh completely to form a seal

e3uidistant from the discharge and suction ports. This seal
forces the li3uid out of the discharge port.
August 18, 2014
ADVANTAGES
*!ly two &o+i!g $arts
*!ly o!e stu%%i!g ,o-
.o!-$ulsati!g disc'arge
E-celle!t %or 'ig'-+iscosity li/uids
Co!sta!t a!d e+e! disc'arge regardless o% $ressure co!ditio!s
*$erates well i! eit'er directio!
Ca! ,e &ade to o$erate wit' o!e directio! o% %low wit' eit'er rotatio!
(ow .P#H re/uired
#i!gle ad0usta,le e!d cleara!ce
Easy to &ai!tai!
1le-i,le desig! o%%ers a$$licatio! custo&i2atio!
DISADVANTAGES
3sually re/uires &oderate s$eeds
Mediu& $ressure li&itatio!s
*!e ,eari!g ru!s i! t'e $roduct $u&$ed
*+er'u!g load o! s'a%t ,eari!g
August 18, 2014
APPLICATIONS

Co&&o! i!ter!al gear $u&$ a$$licatio!s i!clude, ,ut

are !ot li&ited to4

All +arieties o% %uel oil a!d lu,e oil

)esi!s a!d Poly&ers

Alco'ols a!d sol+e!ts

As$'alt, Bitu&e!, a!d 5ar

Polyuret'a!e %oa& 67socya!ate a!d $olyol8

1ood $roducts suc' as cor! syru$, c'ocolate, a!d

$ea!ut ,utter

Pai!t, i!9s, a!d $ig&e!ts

#oa$s a!d sur%acta!ts

lycol
August 18, 2014
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION /
CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

Externals (head, casing, bracket) - Cast iro!, ductile

iro!, steel, stai!less steel, Alloy 20, a!d 'ig'er alloys"

Internals (rotor, idler) - Cast iro!, ductile iro!, steel,

stai!less steel, Alloy 20, a!d 'ig'er alloys"

Bushing - Car,o! gra$'ite, ,ro!2e, silico! car,ide,

tu!gste! car,ide, cera&ic, colo&o!y, a!d ot'er s$ecials
&aterials as !eeded"

Shaft Seal - (i$ seals, co&$o!e!t &ec'a!ical seals,

i!dustry-sta!dard cartridge &ec'a!ical seals, gas ,arrier
seals, &ag!etically-dri+e! $u&$s"

Packing - 7&$reg!ated $ac9i!g, i% seal !ot re/uired"

August 18, 2014
GEROTOR PUMPS

erotor $u&$s are i!ter!al gear $u&$s wit'out

t'e cresce!t"

5'e rotor is t'e i!ter!al 6dri+e8 gear s'ow!

,elow i! gray, a!d t'e idler is t'e e-ter!al
6dri+e!8 gear, s'ow! ,elow i! ora!ge"

5'ey are $ri&arily suita,le %or clea!, low

$ressure a$$licatio!s suc' as lu,ricatio!
syste&s or 'ot oil %iltratio! syste&s, ,ut ca! also
,e %ou!d i! low to &oderate $ressure 'ydraulic
a$$licatio!s"
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
WORKING OF GEROTOR PUMP

1" (i/uid e!ters t'e suctio! $ort ,etwee! t'e

rotor 6gray gear8 a!d idler 6ora!ge gear8 teet'"

2" (i/uid tra+els t'roug' t'e $u&$ ,etwee! t'e

teet' o% t'e :gear-wit'i!-a-gear: $ri!ci$le" 5'e
close tolera!ce ,etwee! t'e gears acts as a seal
,etwee! t'e suctio! a!d disc'arge $orts"

;" )otor a!d idler teet' &es' co&$letely to %or&

a seal e/uidista!t %ro& t'e disc'arge a!d
suctio! $orts" 5'is seal %orces t'e li/uid out o%
t'e disc'arge $ort"
August 18, 2014
ADVANTAGES

High Speed

2nly two moving parts

2nly one stuffing (o.

Constant and even discharge regardless of pressure conditions

2perates well in either direction

;uiet operation

Can (e made to operate with one direction of flow with either

rotation
DISADVANTAGES

-edium pressure limitations

5i.ed clearances

#o solids allowed

2ne (earing runs in the product pumped

2verhung load on shaft (earing

August 18, 2014
APPLICATIONS

Co&&o! gerotor $u&$ a$$licatio!s

i!clude, ,ut are !ot li&ited to4

(ig't %uel oils

(u,e oil

Coo9i!g oils

Hydraulic %luid
August 18, 2014
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION /
CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

Externals (head, casing) - Cast iro!

Internals (rotor, idler) - #teel

Bushing - Car,o! gra$'ite, ,ro!2e, a!d

ot'er &aterials as !eeded

Shaft Seal - (i$ seals, co&$o!e!t

&ec'a!ical seals

Packing - .ot co&&o!ly used %or gerotor

$u&$s
August 18, 2014
c. LO$E #UM#
August 18, 2014
WORKING OF LOBE PUMP

/o(e pumps are similar to e.ternal gear pumps in operation in

that fluid flows around the interior of the casing.

!. As the lo(es come out of mesh, they create e.panding

volume on the inlet side of the pump. /i3uid flows into the
cavity and is trapped (y the lo(es as they rotate.

. /i3uid travels around the interior of the casing in the

poc4ets (etween the lo(es and the casing $$ it does not pass
(etween the lo(es.

1. 5inally, the meshing of the lo(es forces li3uid through the

outlet port under pressure.

/o(e pumps are fre3uently used in food applications (ecause

they handle solids without damaging the product.
August 18, 2014
ADVANTAGES

Pass &ediu& solids

.o &etal-to-&etal co!tact

#u$erior C7P<#7P ca$a,ilities

(o!g ter& dry ru! 6wit' lu,ricatio! to seals8

.o!-$ulsati!g disc'arge
DISADVANTAGES

)e/uires ti&i!g gears

)e/uires two seals

)educed li%t wit' t'i! li/uids

August 18, 2014
APPLICATIONS

Co&&o! rotary lo,e $u&$ a$$licatio!s i!clude,

,ut are !ot li&ited to4

Poly&ers

Pa$er coati!gs

#oa$s a!d sur%acta!ts

Pai!ts a!d dyes

)u,,er a!d ad'esi+es

P'ar&aceuticals

1ood a$$licatio!s
August 18, 2014
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION /
CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

Externals (head, casing) $ Typically 1!< or 1!</

stainless steel head and casing

Externals (gearbox) $ Cast iron, stainless steel

Internals (rotors, shaft) $ Typically 1!< or 1!</

stainless steel, non$galling stainless steel

Shaft Seal $ 2$rings, component single or dou(le

mechanical seals, industry$standard cartridge
mechanical seals
August 18, 2014
d. SCRE% #UM#
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014

#crew $u&$s 6%i-ed dis$lace&e!t8 are a dou,le

Arc'i&edes s$iral, ,ut closed"

5'is &ea!s t'at two screws are used i! o!e ,ody"

5'e $u&$s are used %or 'ig' %lows a!d relati+ely low
$ressure 6&a- 100 ,ar8"

5'ey were used o! ,oard s'i$s w'ere t'e co!sta!t

$ressure 'ydraulic syste& was goi!g t'roug' t'e w'ole
s'i$, es$ecially %or t'e co!trol o% ,all +al+es, ,ut also %or
t'e steeri!g gear a!d 'el$ dri+e syste&s"

5'e ad+a!tage o% t'e screw $u&$s is t'e low sou!d

le+el o% t'ese $u&$s= t'e e%%icie!cy is !ot t'at 'ig'"
August 18, 2014
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August 18, 2014
2" VANE PUMPS

7! a +a!e-ty$e $u&$, a slotted rotor s$li!ed to a dri+e

s'a%t rotates ,etwee! closely %itted side $lates t'at are
i!side o% a! elli$tical- or circular-s'a$ed ri!g"

Polis'ed, 'arde!ed +a!es slide i! a!d out o% t'e rotor

slots a!d %ollow t'e ri!g co!tour ,y ce!tri%ugal %orce"

Pu&$i!g c'a&,ers are %or&ed ,etwee! succeedi!g

+a!es, carryi!g oil %ro& t'e i!let to t'e outlet"

A $artial +acuu& is created at t'e i!let as t'e s$ace

,etwee! +a!es i!creases"

5'e oil is s/uee2ed out at t'e outlet as t'e $u&$i!g

c'a&,er>s si2e decreases"
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
ADVANTAGES

Ha!dles t'i! li/uids at relati+ely 'ig'er $ressures

Co&$e!sates %or wear t'roug' +a!e e-te!sio!

#o&eti&es $re%erred %or sol+e!ts, (P

Ca! ru! dry %or s'ort $eriods

Ca! 'a+e o!e seal or stu%%i!g ,o-

De+elo$s good +acuu&

DISADVANTAGES

Ca! 'a+e two stu%%i!g ,o-es

Co&$le- 'ousi!g a!d &a!y $arts

.ot suita,le %or 'ig' $ressures

.ot suita,le %or 'ig' +iscosity

.ot good wit' a,rasi+es

August 18, 2014
APPLICATIONS

Aerosol a!d Pro$ella!ts

A+iatio! #er+ice - 1uel 5ra!s%er, Deici!g

Auto 7!dustry - 1uels, (u,es, )e%rigeratio!

Coola!ts

Bul9 5ra!s%er o% (P a!d .H;

(P Cyli!der 1illi!g

Alco'ols

)e%rigeratio! - 1reo!s, A&&o!ia

#ol+e!ts

A/ueous solutio!s
August 18, 2014
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION /
CONFIGURATION OPTIONS

Externals (head, casing) - Cast iro!, ductile

iro!, steel, a!d stai!less steel"

Vane, Pushrods - Car,o! gra$'ite, PEE?"

End Plates - Car,o! gra$'ite

Shaft Seal - Co&$o!e!t &ec'a!ical seals,

i!dustry-sta!dard cartridge &ec'a!ical seals,
a!d &ag!etically-dri+e! $u&$s"

Packing - A+aila,le %ro& so&e +e!dors, ,ut !ot

usually reco&&e!ded %or t'i! li/uid ser+ice
August 18, 2014
a. UNBALANCED VANE PUMPS

7! t'e u!,ala!ced desig!, a ca& ri!g>s s'a$e is a true

circle t'at is o! a di%%ere!t ce!terli!e %ro& a rotor>s"

Pu&$ dis$lace&e!t de$e!ds o! 'ow %ar a rotor a!d ri!g

are ecce!tric"

5'e ad+a!tage o% a true-circle ri!g is t'at co!trol ca! ,e

a$$lied to +ary t'e ecce!tricity a!d t'us +ary t'e
dis$lace&e!t"

A disad+a!tage is t'at a! u!,ala!ced $ressure at t'e

outlet is e%%ecti+e agai!st a s&all area o% t'e rotor>s edge,
i&$osi!g side loads o! t'e s'a%t"

5'us t'ere is a li&it o! a $u&$>s si2e u!less +ery large

'eari!gs a!d 'ea+y su$$orts are used"
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
b. BALANCED VANE PUMPS

7! t'e ,ala!ced desig! 61igure ;-108, a $u&$ 'as a

statio!ary, elli$tical ca& ri!g a!d two sets o% i!ter!al
$orts"

A $u&$i!g c'a&,er is %or&ed ,etwee! a!y two +a!es

twice i! eac' re+olutio!"

5'e two i!lets a!d outlets are 180 degrees a$art"

Bac9 $ressures agai!st t'e edges o% a rotor ca!cel eac'

ot'er"

)ece!t desig! i&$ro+e&e!ts t'at allow 'ig' o$erati!g

s$eeds a!d $ressures 'a+e &ade t'is $u&$ t'e &ost
u!i+ersal i! t'e &o,ile-e/ui$&e!t %ield"
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
;" PISTON PUMP

The piston pump wor4s on the principle that a reciprocating

piston can draw in fluid when it retracts into the cylinder
(ore and discharge it when it e.tends.

There are (asic types

1" A@7A( P7#5*. P3MP#
a. 0ent a.is type
(. Swash plate type
c. A.ial piston pump with rotating (arrel
d. A.ial piston pump with varia(le displacement
. ,A6%A/ "%ST2# "U-"S
August 18, 2014
BENT AXIS TYPE
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%n this pump, the pistons are at an angle to the drive shaft and
Thrust "late.

The piston (loc4 shaft is connected to the drive shaft (y a universal

)oint, not shown.

The drive shaft, thrust plate, piston (loc4 shaft, and piston (loc4 all
revolve.

The connecting rods are attached to the thrust plate and revolve
with it, unli4e the swash plate pump where the piston rods slide
past a stationary swash plate.

The outlet ports are semi$circular holes in the Valve "late, shown
on the far right of the animation on edge and in a head$on view
(elow, right.

As the pump revolves, half the pistons suc4 in fluid as they pass
over the inta4e port.

The other pistons discharge their fluid through the outlet port.
August 18, 2014
SWASH PLATE TYPE

The axial piston pump ith rotating sashplate!

In hydraulic systems ith a orking pressure abo"e aprox! #$% bar the
most used pump type is the piston pump!

The pistons mo"e parallel to the axis of the dri"e shaft!

The sash plate is dri"en by the shaft and the angle of the sash plate
determines the stroke of the piston!

The "al"es are necessary to direct the flo in the right direction!

This type of pump can be dri"en in both directions

August 18, 2014

A-ial $isto! $u&$s usi!g t'e swas'$late

$ri!ci$le 6%i-ed a!d ad0usta,le dis$lace&e!t8 is
al&ost t'e sa&e as t'e ,e!t a-is &odel"

5'ey 'a+e t'e ad+a!tage o% ,ei!g &ore

co&$act i! desig!"

5'e $u&$s are easier a!d &ore eco!o&ical to

&a!u%acture= t'e disad+a!tage is t'at t'ey are
&ore se!siti+e to oil co!ta&i!atio!"
August 18, 2014
AXIAL PISTON PUMP WITH ROTATING BARREL

This a.ial piston pump consists of a non rotating swash plate &green' and a rotating
(arrel &light (lue'.

The advantage of this construction is that the pump can operate without valves
(ecause the rotating (arrel has a determined suc4 and pressure 8one.

The animation shows the (ehaviour of only one piston= normally this pump has >, ?,
@ or !! pistons.

The rotating (arrel shifts at the right side over a so called port plate &yellow' .

This port plate is mounted and loc4ed in the housing. View A$A shows the port
plate.

Ahen the angle of the swash plate is ad)usta(le, the pump has a varia(le
displacement and in that case the pump is often provided with a pressure or flow
control or a com(ination of (oth
August 18, 2014
AXIAL PISTON PUMP WITH VARIABLE
DISPLACEMENT
The animation shows how the displacement of an a.ial piston pump can (e
ad)usted.

%n this e.ample we use an a.ial piston pump with a rotating cilinder (arrel and
a staticB swash plate.

The cylinder (arrel is driven (y the drive shaft which is guided through a hole
in the swash plate.

The position &angle' of the swash plate determines the stro4e of the pistons and
therefore the amount of displacement &cm1Comw' of the pump.

0y ad)usting the position of the swash plate the amount of displacement can (e
changed.

The more the swash plate turns to the vertical position, the more the amount of
displacement decreases.

%n the vertical position the displacement is 8ero.

%n that case the pump may (e driven (ut will not

deliver any oil.

#ormally the swash plate is ad)usted (y a

hydraulic cylinder (uilt inside the pump housing.
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
&! RADIAL #ISTON #UM#S

%n a radial piston pump the pistons are arranged li4e wheel spo4es
in a short cylindrical (loc4.

A drive shaft, which is inside a circular housing, rotates a cylinder

(loc4.

The (loc4 turns on a stationary pintle that contains the inlet and
outlet ports.

As a cylinder (loc4 turns, centrifugal force slings the pistons,

which follow a circular housing.

A housingBs centerline is offset from a cylinder (loc4Bs centerline.

The amount of eccentricity (etween the two determines a piston

stro4e and, therefore, a pumpBs displacement.

Controls can (e applied to change a housingBs location and

there(y vary a pumpBs delivery from 8ero to ma.imum.
August 18, 2014
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A pintle is a round (ar that serves as a stationary shaft around which a cylinder
(loc4 turns.
A pintle shaft &5igure 1$!<' has four holes (ored from one end lengthwise through
part of its length.

Two holes serve as an inta4e and two as a discharge.

August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
PUMP SELECTION

"umps are selected (y ta4ing into account a num(er of considerations for a complete
hydraulic system involving a particular application.
!. Select the actuator & hydraulic cylinder or motor' that is appropriate (ased on the loads
encountered.
. 6etermine the flow rate re3uirements. This involves the calculation of the flow rate
necessary to drive the actuator to move the load through a specified distance within a
given time limit.
1. Select the system pressure. This ties with the actuator si8e and the magnitude of the
resistive forces produced (y the e.ternal load on the system. Also involved here is the total
amount of power to (e delivered (y the pump.
:. 6etermine the pump speed and select the prime mover. This together with the flow rate
calculation.
>. Select the pump type (ased on the application & gear, vane, or piston pump and
fi.edCvaria(le displacement '
<. Select the reservoir and associated plum(ing, including piping, valving, filters and
strainers, and other miscellaneous components such as accumulators.
?. Consider factors such as noise levels, horse power loss, need for heat e.changer due to
generated heat, pump wear, and scheduled maintenance service to provide a desired life of
the total system.
D. Calculate the overall cost of the system.
August 18, 2014
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HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS
August 18, 2014
TYPES OF HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS

LINEAR ACTUATOR

ROTARY ACTUATOR
August 18, 2014
HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS: LINEAR
Cyli!der ty$es4
Single acting7
wor4 can (e done only in one direction
"iston
6ou(le acting7
"iston rod on (oth sides
"lunger
Aor4 is done in (oth
directions
Telescopic Telescopic 5ast moving
Tandem
5ast moving
August 18, 2014
LINEAR ACTUATOR

5'e 'ydraulic cyli!der co!+erts 'ydraulic

e!ergy i!to &ec'a!ical e!ergy" 7t ge!erates
li!ear &o+e&e!ts" 1or t'is reaso!, it is also
re%erred to as a A li!ear &otor B
August 18, 2014
Cylinder basics

5'e &ost co&&o! cyli!der co!%iguratio! is double

acting cylinde!

)outi!g $ressuri2ed %luid i!to t'e rod e!d o% a

dou,le-acti!g cyli!der causes t'e $isto! rod to
retract"

Co!+ersely, routi!g $ressuri2ed %luid i!to t'e ca$ e!d

causes t'e rod to exten"

#i&ulta!eously, %luid o! t'e o$$osite side o% t'e

$isto! %lows ,ac9 i!to t'e 'ydraulic re!er"#$r"

7% a$r is t'e %luid &ediu&, it usually is +e!ted to t'e

at%#!&'ere"
August 18, 2014

5'e area o% t'e rod-e!d $isto! %ace is

s&aller t'a! t'e ca$-e!d area"

E-te!sio! %orce is greater t'a! retractio!

%orce 6assu&i!g e/ual %luid $ressures8"

Because total cyli!der +olu&e is less wit'

t'e cyli!der %ully retracted 6,ecause o% rod
+olu&e8 t'a! w'e! t'e cyli!der is %ully
e-te!ded, a cyli!der retracts %aster t'a! it
e-te!ds 6assu&i!g e/ual %low rates8"
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#c'e&atic
August 18, 2014
& ' ()*I+,E- HE.,
E $ Cushion and (leeder ad)ustment screw
! $ #ut with seal
# ' -/, 01I,E (.-T-I,0E
$ Scraper ring
1 $ *uide (ush
: $ ,od seal
> $ 2$,ing
2 ' T1BE
3 ' -/,
$ ' ()*I+,E- (.4
E $ Cushion and (leeder ad)ustment screw
! $ #ut with seal
5 ' TIE -/,S
11 $ /oc4nuts
6 ' 4IST/+
&%n the event of static functioning, the piston can (e supplied with li3uid$tight seals'
< $ 2$,ing
? $ *uide (ush
D $ "iston seal
1E $ Safety screw
1! $ "ermanent magnet &V!<EC magnetic version'
7 ' HE., (1SHI/+ B1SH
8 ' (.4 (1SHI/+ B1SH
11 $ Circlip
&% ' 9.0+ETI( 4-/:I9IT) S;IT(HES
Schematic 6escription
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
E-ca+ator Case #tudy
Nat$"e T##( M#e(!) M#e($ca
#wi!gMotor
B
Boo&Cyl)
B
Buc9etCyl
B
Ar&Cyl
B
B
o
o
&
C
y
l
(
B
5 P
(#
B
5 P
(#
B
5 P
(#
B
5 P
(#
B
5 P
(#
&a-
&a"""
&a-1
&a"""
&a-2
&a"""
&a-;
&a"""
$clsPu&$
circuit5a!9
co!sta!t#$eed
#wi!g1l"""
Boo&Cyl""" Boo&Cyl"""
Boo&Cyl"""
Ar&CylB""" Ar&Cyl)""" Buc9etC""" Buc9etC"""
swi!gCo&&a"""
,oo&Co&&a!d
ar&Co&&a!d
,uc9etCo&&a!d
Boo&Cyl"""
'ydraulics
world
-
y
Dig Cycle
e!+iro!&e!t
$Ca&, D 101;2E
5Ca&, D 288"1E
Multi-Body #yste& Dy!a&ics Model
6li!9ages, """8
Hydraulics Model
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
DCV (Directional Control Valve)
Power unit (pump)
Actuator (cylinder)
Other control
devices
(pressure,fow, etc)
August 18, 2014
Hydrauli yli!d"r#
Cyli!der ty$es4 $lu!ger
smaller force, (etter efficiency, a.ial support is necessary
(ut cylinder does not have to (e so good 3uality
Aithout inner (uffer
Aith inner (uffer &pilot piston'
August 18, 2014
Hydrauli yli!d"r#
Cyli!der ty$es4 $isto!, si!gle acti!g, $ressi!g-
cyli!der
Spring
inside outside
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H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 $isto!, si!gle acti!g, $uller
Spring
inside outside
August 18, 2014
H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 $isto!, dou,le acti!g
Velocity is different
August 18, 2014
H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 $isto!, dou,le acti!g
Pisto! rod o! ,ot' side
Velocity is the same in (oth directions
August 18, 2014
H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 $isto!, dou,le acti!g
Pisto! rod o! ,ot' side
Velocity is different in the two directions depending
on cross section ratio of the rods
August 18, 2014
H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 dou,le acti!g $isto!, ta!de&
August 18, 2014
TANDEM CYLINDERS

ande! cylinders are desig!ed %or a$$licatio!s

w'ere 'ig' %orce &ust ,e ge!erated wit'i! a
!arrow ra$a( s$ace w'ere su,sta!tial ax$a(
le!gt' is a+aila,le"

A ta!de& cyli!der, %u!ctio!s as two si!gle rod-

e!d cyli!ders co!!ected i! li!e wit' eac' $isto!
i!ter-co!!ected to a co&&o! rod as well as a
seco!d rod w'ic' e-te!ds t'roug' t'e rod-e!d
ca$"

Eac' $isto! c'a&,er is dou,le acti!g to $roduce

&uc' 'ig'er %orces wit'out a! i!crease i! %luid
$ressure or ,ore dia&eter"
August 18, 2014
H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 si!gle acti!g, %ast &o+i!g
August 18, 2014
H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 dou,le acti!g, %ast &o+i!g
August 18, 2014
H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 telesco$ic, si!gle acti!g
/arge wor4ing paths
or limited space
August 18, 2014
H*ra+($c c*($ner!
Cyli!der ty$es4 telesco$ic, dou,le acti!g
/arge wor4ing paths
or limited space
August 18, 2014
TELESCOPIC CYLIN,ERS

Most telesco"ic cylinders, are si!gle acti!g, alt'oug'

dou,le-acti!g +ersio!s are a+aila,le"

5elesco$ic cyli!ders co!tai! %i+e or &ore sets o% tu,i!g, or

stages, t'at !est i!side o!e a!ot'er"

Eac' stage is e/ui$$ed wit' seals a!d ,eari!g sur%aces to

act as ,ot' a cyli!der ,arrel a!d $isto! rod"

A+aila,le %or e-te!sio!s e-ceedi!g 1E %t, &ost are used o!

&o,ile a$$licatio!s w'ere a+aila,le &ou!ti!g s$ace is
li&ited"

5'e colla$sed le!gt' o% a telesco$i!g cyli!der ca! ,e as little

as 1E its e-te!ded le!gt', ,ut t'e cost is se+eral ti&es t'at
o% a sta!dard cyli!der t'at ca! $roduce e/ui+ale!t %orce"

Models are a+aila,le i! w'ic' all stages e-te!d

si&ulta!eously or w'ere t'e largest stage e-te!ds %irst,
%ollowed ,y eac' successi+ely s&aller stage"
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HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS: ROTARY
#wi+el +a!e rotary actuator4
/imited angle in (oth directions
-a.imum angle always smaller than 1<EF
The same tor3ue in (oth directions
Pisto! rotary actuator4
Aith rac4 and gear coupling
Here ma.imum angle may (e larger than 1<EF
Prhuzamd
uatty!s
len"ha#t
s
/imited angle rotary
actuator
/imited angle rotary
actuator
"arallel
piston rotary
actuator
August 18, 2014
R#tar* '*ra+($c act+at#r!
)ac9-a!d-$i!io! $isto!-ty$e rotary actuator4
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R#tar* '*ra+($c act+at#r!
Parallel $isto!
rotary actuator
August 18, 2014
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R#tar* '*ra+($c act+at#r!-!$n.(e "ane
(i&ited a!gle rotary actuator4
August 18, 2014
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(i&ited a!gle rotary actuator4 si!gle +a!e

A single#$ane actuator, 'as a cyli!drical

c'a&,er i! w'ic' a +a!e co!!ected to a dri+e
s'a%t rotates t'roug' a! arc to 280F"

5wo $orts are se$arated ,y a statio!ary ,arrier"

Di%%ere!tial $ressure a$$lied across t'e +a!e

rotates t'e dri+e s'a%t u!til t'e +a!e &eets t'e
,arrier"

)otatio! is re+ersed ,y re+ersi!g $ressure %luid

at t'e i!let a!d outlet $orts"
August 18, 2014
R#tar* '*ra+($c act+at#r!) #+/(e "ane
(i&ited a!gle rotary actuator4
August 18, 2014
R$%ary &ydrauli a%ua%$r#' d$ubl" (a!"

A double#$ane actuator, 'as two

dia&etrically o$$osed +a!es a!d ,arriers"

5'is co!structio! $ro+ides twice t'e

tor/ue i! t'e sa&e s$ace as a si!gle-+a!e
actuator"

'owe+er, rotatio! is ge!erally li&ited to

100F"
August 18, 2014
August 18, 2014
CHAIN TYPE ACTUATOR
7! a $isto!-c'ai! actuator, a circular dri+e c'ai! is 'eld tig't o+er two
s$roc9ets"
*!e s$roc9et co!+erts li!ear &otio! i!to tor/ue out$ut= a! idler s$roc9et
&ai!tai!s te!sio!"
5wo $isto!-s'a$ed li!9s are located at e/ual dista!ces o! t'e c'ai!= o!e
$isto! is larger t'a! t'e ot'er"
5'e 'ousi!g co!tai!i!g t'e &ec'a!is& 'as two $arallel $isto! c'a&,ers
a!d a $ort o! eac' o% t'e two o$$osite e!ds"
Pressuri2ed %luid e!teri!g a $ort acts agai!st ,ot' $isto!s= t'e c'ai! &o+es
i! t'e sa&e directio! as t'e larger $isto! ,ecause o% t'e di%%ere!tial %orces
,ei!g e-erted"
5'e s&aller $isto! seals t'e retur! side o% t'e c'ai! to $re+e!t %luid
lea9age"
)otatio! is re+ersed ,y re+ersi!g $orti!g"
A $isto!-c'ai! actuator $ro+ides rotatio! to %i+e co&$lete tur!s a!d tor/ues
to 2;,E00 l,-i!"
5'e desig! is li&ited ,y t'e stre!gt' o% t'e c'ai! a!d s$roc9et, a!d ,y its
,ul9 %or a$$licatio!s re/uiri!g e-tre&ely 'ig' tor/ues"
5or/ue is co!sta!t t'roug'out t'e stro9e"
August 18, 2014
R#tar* '*ra+($c act+at#r!
Heli- actuator4
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G'e! 'ydraulic $ressure is a$$lied to t'e $ort to t'e le%t

o% t'e $isto!, t'ree e+e!ts occur si&ulta!eously"

5'e $isto! slee+e is dis$laced a-ially, &o+i!g to t'e

rig't= it rotates cloc9wise 6as +iewed %ro& t'e out$ut
s'a%t8 as t'e geari!g o! its outside dia&eter a!d t'e
'ousi!g>s ri!g gear %orces its rotatio!= a!d t'e geari!g o!
t'e i!side dia&eter o% t'e $isto! slee+e causes t'e s'a%t
to rotate cloc9wise"

A$$lyi!g $ressure to t'e alter!ate $ort retur!s t'e $isto!

slee+e to its origi!al starti!g $ositio! a!d rotates t'e
s'a%t cou!tercloc9wise"
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