1.

Saurabh pancholi
2. Divyam singh
3. Dhananjay bansal
4. Piyush sharma
5. Sagar hassani
6. Basant maheshwari
1. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
2. UV ( ultra violet VISIBLE)
3. IR (infrared rays)
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical
phenomenon in which magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field
absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation. This energy
is at a specific resonance frequency which depends on the
strength of the magnetic field and the magnetic properties
of the isotope of the atoms
The principle of NMR usually involves
1. The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear
spins in an applied, constant magnetic field H
0
.
2. The perturbation of this alignment of the nuclear spins by
employing an electro-magnetic, usually radio frequency
(RF) pulse..
UV VISIBLE (ULTRA VIOLET)
This technique is complementary
to fluorescence spectroscopy, in
that fluorescence deals with transitions
from the excited state to the ground state,
while absorption measures transitions
from the ground state to the excited state
Ultravioletvisible
spectroscopy or ultraviolet-visible
spectrophotometry (UV-Vis or UV/Vis) refers
to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance
spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-
visible spectral region.
IR (INFRARED RAYS)
I nfrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is
the spectroscopy that deals with
the infrared region of the electromagnetic
spectrum, that is light with a
longer wavelength and
lower frequency than visible light.
A common laboratory instrument that uses
this technique is a Fourier transforM
infrared (FTIR) spectrometer.
Analysis of Crude Oil Electrostatic
Desalters Performance
The term desalting means the addition of
comparatively
fresh water to the crude. This addition of
fresh water dilutes the
original brine so that the salt content of the
water that remains after
treatment is within acceptable limits
In general, the dehydration
system can be divided into three classes:
gravity, electrical, and
chemical, or a combination thereof(3)
The AC (Alternating Current) conventional
electrostatic dehydration
system is an efficient method to remove
high salinity formation
water from the crude oil stream
The treating principle
is almost the same as the heater treater
with the exception of applying
an electric field for more complete
dehydration
The AC Conventional Electrostatic Desalter
This treater consists of a pressure vessel
with a heating/degassing
section and firetubes, an oil overflow box,
and a coalescing section
In place of the conventional Alternating
Current
(AC) electrical system, the dual polarity
treater uses a system
with both AC and DC fields.
The Dual Polarity Electrostatic Desalter
Electrode configurations in dual polarity
treater
Induced dipole by alternating
electric field on a water
droplet in oil

PRESENTATION OF THE TOPICS:


1. THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OILS

2. INFLUENCE OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES ON
CRUDE OILS WETTING PROPERTIES
MADE BY : DIVYAM SINGH
ROLL NO.: 11BPE063
SEMESTER: II
INTRODUCTION
A major flow assurance challenge in the near future is the
production and transport of heavy oils. Despite very large
reserves, their exploitation is limited by their high viscosity.
Actually, the very low mobility of these petroleum products is
making an as such pipeline transportation impossible. Advanced
methods are necessary. They include upgrading, dilution,
formation of oil-in-water emulsions and heating. These
technologies imply high operational and investment costs so
that optimized transport conditions have to be found. With this
aim in view, a detailed study of the rheology of heavy oils was
carried out. It deals with the link between the constitution and
the flow properties of the crude and lays emphasis on the role
played by temperature. The understanding of the origin of the
high viscosity of heavy oils will help to improve their methods of
transportation, especially at low temperatures like in expected
deepwater discoveries.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OILS
CONSEQUENCE OF ASPHALTENES ON
VISCOSITY OF CRUDE OILS
One main chemical characteristics of a crude oil is its large content in
asphaltenes. These molecules constitute a class of substances defined on
the basis of their solubility in organic solvents: they are soluble in
toluene but insoluble in alkanes such as n-pentane. Asphaltenes are the
heaviest and most aromatic and polar fraction of a crude oil. These
particular components are described as molecules composed of
polycondensed aromatic rings carrying aliphatic chains that contain
acid-base and polar groups at their edge. It is well recognized that thanks
to these chemical characteristics, asphaltenes can self assemble through
physical interactions and increase the viscosity of a medium in which
they are added. As the interactions involved in the overlapping of
asphaltenes (- interactions, hydrogen bonding) are thermal
dependent It can be noticed that the intrinsic viscosity diminishes when
temperature is raised. We checked that this decrease is due to the
resulting disassociation of the particles of asphaltenes.
EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON CRUDE OILS
As the temperature is very low, the asphaltenes
are not mobile and have no time to rearrange.
On the contrary, at moderate temperature, the
asphaltenes are more mobile and have the
time to rearrange. At lower temperatures,
heavy crude oil tends to become shear-
thinning.
INFLUENCE OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES ON
CRUDE OILS WETTING PROPERTIES
INTRODUCTION
Wettability can have a profound effect on efficiency of displacement of
oil by water.
contact between crude oil and rock is dependent on the stability of the
water films between the rock surface and the crude oil.thickness of the
water film depend on the electrical double layer repulsion that results from
surface charges at water- oil interface.
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF
OIL WATER INTERFACE
It has been demonstrated with bitumen that an oil-water interface has a negative
electric charge that can be explained by ionizable surface group model.it is assumed
that negative charge of the interface is caused by the dissociation of carboxylic acids.
electrophoresis measurements showed that change from negative to positive interfacial
charge at low ph, indicating the presence of basic and acidic surface -active groups at
oil-water interface.the theoritical model applied to bitumem was extended to take
account the zwitter ionic nature of crude oil water interface.
CONCLUSION
Adhesion of specific crude oil on surface occurs under controlled
conditions ofph and brine composition


Stable emulsions ofcrude oil in brine can be formed and the
electrophoretic mobilities measured as a function of ph and brine
composition.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
CRUDE OIL
DENSITY

VISCOSITY

SURFACE TENSION

INTERFACIAL TENSION

PIYUSH SHARMA



DENSITY :

In the early years of the petroleum industry, density was the
principal specification for petroleum and refinery products;
it was used to give an estimation of the gasoline and, more
particularly, the kerosene present in the crude oil. However,
the derived relationships between
the density of petroleum and its fractional composition
were valid only if they were applied to a certain type of
petroleum and lost some of their significance when applied
to different types of petroleum. Nevertheless, density is still
used to give a rough estimation of the nature of petroleum
and petroleum products.
VISCOSITY

In the early days of the petroleum industry, viscosity was
regarded as the body of petroleum, a significant number for
lubricants or for any liquid pumped or handled in quantity.
The changes in viscosity with temperature, pressure, and rate
of shear are pertinent not only in lubrication but also for such
engineering concepts as heat transfer. The viscosity and
relative viscosity of different phases, such as gas, liquid oil,
and water, are determining influences in producing the flow
of reservoir fluids through porous oil-bearing formations.
The rate and amount of oil production from a reservoir are
often governed by these properties.
SURFACE TENSION :

The surface tension of petroleum and petroleum products has been studied
for many years. The narrow range of values (approximately 2438 dyne-cm)
for such widely diverse materials as gasoline (26 dyne-cm), kerosene (30
dynecm), and the lubricating fractions (34 dyne-cm) has
rendered the surface tension of little value for any attempted
characterization. However, it is generally acknowledged that
nonhydrocarbon materials dissolved in an oil reduce the surface tension:
polar compounds, such as soaps and fatty acids, are particularly active. The
effect is marked at low concentrations up to a critical value beyond which
further additions cause little change; the critical value corresponds closely
with that required for a monomolecular layer on the exposed surface, where
it is adsorbed and accounts for the lowering.
INTERFACIAL TENSION :

the interfacial tension of petroleum is subject to
the same constraints as surface tension, that is,
differences in composition, molecular weight, and
so on. When oilwater systems are involved, the
pH of the aqueous phase influences the tension at
the interface; the change is small for highly refined
oils, but increasing pH causes a rapid decrease for
poorly refined, contaminated, or slightly oxidized
oils.