Complementary and Alternative Interventions Brochure

Brenda L. Brandmier
PSYCH 628
July 28, 2014
Instructor: Ariel Gonzalez


Complementary and
Alternative Interventions
Numerous times individuals do not understand the
negative effects that can take place in his or her body
involving pain and illness. Individuals who are deciding if he
or she should use complementary and alternative treatments
should investigate the approach of choice and weigh the
evidence regarding the effectiveness, interactions, side effects,
and how dangerous the alternative treatment could be. This
broacher will explain the use of alternative approaches in
regards to ones health. Alternative approaches may be useful
for individuals living with a psychological sickness or a
medical illness as he or she tries to manage tiredness,
sleeplessness, apprehensions, and many other stressors that
can be compounded. Although some individuals with serious
health issues make progress using alternative methods,
frequently many individuals merge alternative approaches
with therapy, and medication (Straub, 2012). Complementary
and alternative medicine (CAM) can comprise of many
interventions like exercise and dietary choices along with
stress management approaches, biofeedback, and
acupuncture. Many, if not all of these therapies, are originated
from different disciplines and traditions and are thought of as
outside the area of conventional medicine. However, when
used in combination with conventional medicine, they are
referred to as complementary; when used instead of
conventional medicine, they are referred to as
alternative (Straub, 2012).

Conclusion
When giving a placebo it has been shown to lessen
negative emotions. The lessening in negative emotions shows
a relationship for lessening pain. This theory is supported by
findings that decreasing ones stress and stimulation of
positive emotions can boost opioid action within the brain, a
progression comparable to primary placebo analgesia.
Individuals who are afraid of pain many times do not exhibit
placebo responses, this suggests that negative emotions are
counteracting the placebo reaction. It is also seems that
behavior decreases ones negative emotions and are
reinforced. Reinforcement is reliant on a dopaminergic
midbrain system activated throughout the placebo
responding. However, data is limited on the part of dopamine
within placebo response. Future investigation may center on
the part of positive emotions within the placebo responses.
Furthermore, it is still not clear if placebos stimulate or
increase positive emotions, or reduces negative emotions.
Further studies are needed to unscramble the underlying part
of ones emotions regarding pain. In conclusion, the premise
that pain reduction and negative emotions activates the
dopaminergic reinforcement system and will need additional
research. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
can be a positive choice when trying to manage a ilnees and
the pain that can accompany it.



Assessment
Assessment of pain is a vital part when giving good pain
management therapy. According to Straub, (2012) physicians
found lack of pain assessment is a problematic wall when
trying to achieve pain control. There are various suggestions
and guiding principles for what make ups an sufficient pain
assessment; however, numerous recommendations seem not
to be practical in acute pain care practice (Straub, 2012).
Many professionals working with individuals with acute
pain should choose the suitable divisions of assessment for a
clinical situation. Acritical facet of pain assessment should be
completed on a regular basis using a standard layout.

The
assessment boundaries should be clearly directed by the given
policies and procedures of the medical establishment (Straub,
2012). Professionals must meet the individuals needs, and
pain should be reevaluated following every intervention to
assess the effectiveness and establish if adjustment is needed.
The amount of time for reevaluation also should be directed
by policies and procedures of the establishment (Straub,
2012).
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Chronic Pain/ The Scenario of Jordan
Brenda L. Brandmier
PSYCH 628
July 28, 2014
Instructor: Ariel Gonzalez
Chronic Pain/ The Scenario of Jordan
Brenda L. Brandmier
PSYCH 628
July 28, 2014
Instructor: Ariel Gonzalez
Placebo Response And Expectations In
Response To Pain
The suggestion presented are expectations of various treatment
effects can reduce negative emotions and in so doing can reduce
symptoms like pain. Negative thoughts can amplify ones pain, and it is
theorized that placebos can lessen ones pain by lessening negative
emotions, like nervousness, fear, and anxiety. Placebos have been shown
to be mediated by means of opioid action, and meditation relaxation
techniques can increase opioid activity (Straub, 2012) There is
considerable evidence that relaxation training can help patients cope
with a variety of stress-related problems, including hypertension, tension
headaches, depression, lower back pain, adjustment to chemotherapy,
and anxiety (Smith, 2005).Underlying the effectiveness of these
techniques is their ability to reduce heart rate, muscle tension, and blood
pressure, as well as self reported tension and anxiety (Straub, 2012, p.
153)

Some placebos like analgesia obtains a relaxing effect because
of oral communication that pain will be decreased, or as a result of links
connecting the placebo and the reduction in pain after successful
treatment of the illness causing the pain. Therefore, the placebo signals
the pain will be reduced after the placebo is given (Turner, Deyo,
Loesser, Korff, Fordyce, Wilbert, 1994). This entails negative
reinforcement which is because of activation of a dopaminergic system
that is set in motion throughout placebo analgesia and involves positive
thoughts. In addition, The nocebo effect of increased pain coincides with
this model, because of amplified fear and anxiety. Amodern side of the
presented model is that the theory that expectations decrease negative
thoughts, and negative reinforcement that entail the dopaminergic
reinforcement scheme must be a supplier to placebo responses (Turner,
Deyo, Loesser, Korff, Fordyce, Wilbert, 1994)
Evidence-based, Mind-body
Interventions Have Been Shown To Be
Beneficial
Occasionally the beginning of an individuals' pain is uncertain; as
a result, conventional pain medication are ineffective. Various side effects
can comprise of skin pain or upset, along with liver damage, or even a
allergic response. Opioid analgesics like morphine, oxycodone, and
codeine can cause vomiting, constipation, sleepiness, low energy, and
balance issues (Tan,, Alvarez,, & Jensen, 2006). Numerous individuals
deem that alternative interventions such as acupuncture and relaxation
techniques can lessen the amount of pain. In addition, some side effects
is a added reason individuals prefer alternative choices, not to mention
the possibility of addiction (Tan,, Alvarez,, & Jensen, 2006).

Many people with chronic pain choose alternative and
complementary therapies as a supplement to Western medicine,
or as their main chronic pain treatment. While not endorsed by
the FDA, Eastern traditions such as acupuncture and herbal
remedies are growing in popularity (Katz, 2006). Other
complementary approaches to chronic pain treatment include
specialized diets, energy medicine, yoga, chiropractic care and
hypnosis. It may be many months before you find the right
combination of treatments that work for your pain (White, 2000).

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According to a 2002 survey, 62% of people in the United States
used CAM, with mindbody medicine being the most commonly used
form.1 Asmall survey showed that 40 of 216 neurology clinic patients at
an academic center used CAM.2 Mindbody therapies focus on the
relationships among the brain, mind, body, and behavior, and their effect
on health and disease. Many of the techniques are associated with
relaxation and thus may be helpful for disorders where psychological
stress is a factor. Mindbody approaches encompass a large group of
therapies such as hypnosis, meditation, yoga, biofeedback, tai chi, and
visual imagery ( ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, 2014, p. 1)


The belief of going through a medical treatment often causes
changes in brain neurotransmitters that are remarkably similar to those
changes which occur due to real medicines (Fowler, 2010). Aneuro
transmitter Dopamine is known to release with placebo treatments in
Parkinson disease. This neurotransmitter is also known to play a role in
the brains reward mechanism. There is growing evidence that release of
Dopamine causes the healing effect in the patients undergoing placebo
treatments.



Administration of a placebo has been shown to reduce negative emotions. The reduction in negative emotions correlates with a reduction in pain. This hypothesis is further supported by findings that reduction in stress and induction of positive emotions increase opioid activity, a process similar to that underlying placebo analgesia. Participants who are fearful of pain do not display placebo responses, further suggesting that negative emotions are counteracting the placebo response. Behaviour that reduces stress and negative emotions is reinforced, and reinforcement is dependent on a dopaminergic midbrain system that has been found to be activated during placebo responding, although evidence is still scarce on the role of dopamine in placebo responding. Further research could focus on the role of positive emotions in placebo responses. It is not clear whether placebos induce or increase positive emotions, or reduces negative emotions. Studies are needed where it is possible to disentangle the causal role of emotions on pain. Furthermore, the relatively few studies performed until now have involved healthy participants, and studies involving patients are needed. Finally, the hypothesis that reduction in pain and negative emotions activates the dopaminergic reinforcement system needs more research. Administration of a placebo has been shown to reduce negative emotions. The reduction in negative emotions correlates with a reduction in pain. This hypothesis is further supported by findings that reduction in stress and induction of positive emotions increase opioid activity, a process similar to that underlying placebo analgesia. Participants who are fearful of pain do not display placebo responses, further suggesting that negative emotions are counteracting the placebo response. Behaviour that reduces stress and negative emotions is reinforced, and reinforcement is dependent on a dopaminergic midbrain system that has been found to be activated during placebo responding, although evidence is still scarce on the role of dopamine in placebo responding. Further research could focus on the role of positive emotions in placebo responses. It is not clear whether placebos induce or increase positive emotions, or reduces negative emotions. Studies are needed where it is possible to disentangle the causal role of emotions on pain. Furthermore, the relatively few studies performed until now have involved healthy participants, and studies involving patients are needed. Finally, the hypothesis that reduction in pain and negative emotions activates the dopaminergic reinforcement system needs more research.
References

Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Logan J, Alexoff D, Telang F, Wang GJ, (2010). Fast uptake and long-lasting binding of methamphetamine in the human brain: comparison with
cocaine. Neuroimage. 2008;43:756763. Retrieved From, http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/science/article/pii/S1053811908008264

Tan, G., Alvarez, J., & Jensen, M. (2006). Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to pain management. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 62(11), 1419-1431.

Turner, Judith PhD; Deyo, Richard A. MD, MPH; Loesser, John MD; Von Korff, Michael ScD; Fordyce, Wilbert E. PhD (1994). The Importance of Placebo Effects in Pain Treatment and Research.[Review]
SourceJAMA. 271(20):1609-1614,

Russell Katz, FDA update, Epilepsy Research, (2006), Pages 85-94, Volume 68, Issue 1, ISSN 0920-1211, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.09.034.

Neurology. Author Manuscript; Available in PMC, (2010). 70(24): 23212328.doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000314667.16386.5e (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920121105003037). Retrieved From,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882072/

White, K. P. (2000). Psychology and complementary and alternative medicine. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice,31(6), 671-681. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.31.6.671








Russell Katz, FDA update, Epilepsy Research, Volume 68, Issue 1, January 2006, Pages 85-94, ISSN 0920-1211, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.09.034. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920121105003037)