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R= [(/A)]/4
Where
R = Resistance in ohms
= resistivity of soil in ohm-metre
A = Area on both sides of plate in m2.
CALCULATION OF RESISTANCE OF PLATE
ELECTRODE
MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE
The measurement of earth resistance is done using three
terminal or four terminal methods
Four Terminal: Four spikes are driven in straight line into the
ground at equal intervals. The two outer spikes are
connected to current terminals of earth meggar and the two
inner spikes to potential terminals of the meggar. Then the
earth resistance is measured by rotating the meggar till a
steady value is obtained.
Three Terminal: Two temporary electrodes are spikes are
driven in straight line one for current and the other voltage at
a distance of 30 mtr and 15 mtr from the earth electrode
under test
Measurement of Earth Resistivity
Three Terminal Method
a) Power stations - 0.5 ohms
b) EHT Stations - 1.0 ohms
c) 33KV SS - 2 ohms
d) DTR Structures - 5 ohms
e) Tower foot resistance - 10 ohms
Permissible values of earth resistance
Earthing Audit
Measure of Earth Resistance
every year
10-15% of earth mat is to be
inspected after 15 years of
service