B.E.

(E&TC)
Theory :100 Marks
T.W. : 25Marks
Outline
Concept of 2G,3G wireless networks
Working of 2G and 3G networks
Wireless in Local Loop (WLL) concept
Cellular concept
August 23, 2014 3
Learning outcomes
After studying this chapter students will be able to
..
A) Demonstrate the examples of 2G, 3G networks used
in practice.
B) Explain what is WLL? & how it works?
C) Tell the various frequency ranges used in RF
frequency bands.
D) Elaborate the Cellular concept.
Types of Waves
5
Earth
Sky wave
Space wave
Ground wave
Troposphere
(0 - 12 km)
Stratosphere
(12 - 50 km)
Mesosphere
(50 - 80 km)
Ionosphere
(80 - 720 km)
Radio Frequency Bands
Classification
Band
Initials Frequency Range Characteristics
Extremely low ELF < 300 Hz
Ground wave


Infra low ILF 300 Hz - 3 kHz
Very low VLF 3 kHz - 30 kHz
Low LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz
Medium MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz Ground/Sky wave
High HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz Sky wave
Very high VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz

Space wave


Ultra high UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz
Super high SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz
Extremely high EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz
Tremendously high THF 300 GHz - 3000 GHz
6
1G,2G, wireless networks
In 1G, Narrow band analogue wireless network is used,
with this we can have the voice calls and can send text
messages
1G in this we could contact with in the premises of that
particular nation
Examples:
AMPS family: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System),TACS(Total Access Communications System
),ETACS(Europien Total Access Communications
System)
2G Narrow Band Wireless Digital Network is used.
latest technologies such as GPRS, is not available in these
generations
1G wireless networks
These are the analog telecommunications standards
that were introduced in the 1980s and continued
until being replaced by 2G digital
telecommunications
Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher
frequency of about 150MHz and up as it is
transmitted between radio towers.
This is done using a technique called Frequency-
Division Multiple Access (FDMA).
Disadvantages- 1G
Has low capacity,
unreliable handoff,
poor voice links,
No security at all since voice calls were played back
in radio towers, making these calls susceptible to
unwanted taping somebody's phone by third parties.
Analog systems
known as Analog Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS)
based on circuit-switched technology and designed
for voice, not data.

2G Wireless Networks
2G systems were first introduced in early 1990s.
2G Standard use digital modulation formats and
TDMA(Time Division Multiple
Access)/FDD(Frequency Division Duplexing) and
CDMA (Code division Multiple Access)/FDD multiple
access techniques.
2G Standards
A) Global system Mobile (GSM) : Widely deployed by
service providers in Europe, Asia, Australia, South
America and Some part of US. Channel capacity is 200
KHz.
B) Interim Standard 136 (IS-136) or North American
Digital Cellular (NADC): Popular in North & south
America and Australia. Channel capacity is 30KHz.
C) Pacific Digital Cellular (PDC): A Japan TDMA
Standard similar to IS-136. more than 50 million users.
channel capacity is 30KHz.
D) IS-95 CDMA: also known as cdmaOne, supports up
to 64 users & simultaneously transmitted on each
1.25MHz channel
2G
2.5G
3G
GSM
IS-136 &
PDC
IS-95B
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
Cdma2000-
3xRTT
Cdma2000-
1xEV,DV,DO
TD-
SCDMA
EDGE
IS-95
CDMA2000-
1xRTT
W-
CDMA
3GPP
3GPP2
2.5G
Three upgrade paths:
1. High speed Circuit Switched data (HSCSD)
2. General Packet Radio service (GPRS)
3. Enhanced data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
These options provides improvements in Internet
access speed over todays GSM and IS-136 tech.
HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
A circuit switched technique that allows single mobile
user to use consecutive user time slots in the GSM
standard
i.e. instead of limiting each user to only one specific time
slot in the GSM TDMA standard, HSCSD allows
individual data users to grab consecutive time slots in
order to obtain higher speed data access on the GSM
network.
It relaxes the error control coding algorithms.
Increases the available application data rate to 14400bps
compared to original 9600bps in GSM specification.
GPRS for 2.5G GSM & IS-136
General Packet Radio Service is a packet-based data
network, well suited for non real time internet usage
like retrieval of e-mail, faxes, asymmetric web
browsing.
Support multiuser network sharing of individual
radio channels and time slots (can support many
more users than HSCSD).
GPRS standard provides a packet network on
dedicated GSM or IS-136 radio channels.
Peak 21.4kbps per channel data rate specified by
GPRS works well with both GSM & IS-136.

EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
Enhanced data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), a
more advanced upgrade to the GSM standard .
Require new H/W and S/W at existing base stations.
EDGE allows for nine different air interface formats,
known as multiple modulation and coding schemes
(MCS) with varying error control protection.
EDGE uses higher order 8-PSK modulation & a
family of MCSs for each GSM radio channel slot so
that each user can choose best MCS setting for data
access
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
Because of this adaptive capability known as
incremental redundancy whereby packets are
transmitted first with maximum error protection and
maximum data rate throughput.

3G wireless networks
26/07/10
Advantages
Multi-megabits Internet access,
communications using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP),
voice activated calls,
unparalleled network capacity n omnipresent, always on
access.
Ability to receive live music, conduct interactive web
sessions and have simultaneous voice and data access with
multiple parties at the same time using a single mobile
handset, whether driving, walking or standing still in an
office setting.
3G wireless networks
3G Evolution for CDMA systems leads to cdma-2000,
currently being developed
3G evolution for GSM, IS-136 & PDC systems leads to
Wideband-CDMA(W-CDMA) also called Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).
ITU IMT-2000 standards organizations are separated
into two major organizations reflecting two 3G camps:
3GPP (3G partnership Project) for Wideband CDMA
standards based on backward compatibility with GSM
and IS-136/PDC
3GPP2 (3G partnership Project for cdma-2000 standards
based on backward compatibility with IS-95

3G W-CDMA (UMTS)
The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
(UMTS) is an air interface standard that has evolved
since late 1996.
UMTs or W-CDMA assures backward compatibility
with the second generation GSM, IS-136 & PDC TDMA
technologies also 2.5G TDMA technologies.
3G W-CDMA air interface standard had been designed
for always on packet based wireless network & be
connected to the internet any time any where.
W-CDMA will support packet data rates up to 2.048
Mbps per user
3G W-CDMA requires a minimum spectrum allocation
of 5 MHz.
W-CDMA provides public & private network features
n also videoconferencing and virtual home
entertainment.

Wireless Local Loop (WLL) (26/7/10)
Outline
What is WLL?
Differences with mobile cellular systems
Why WLL?
System Analysis
examples


Wireless Local Loop (WLL)
What is WLL?
- WLL is a system that connects subscribers to
the local telephone station wirelessly.
Systems WLL is based on:
Cellular
Satellite (specific and adjunct)
Microcellular
Other names
Radio In The Loop (RITL)
Fixed-Radio Access (FRA).

A general WLL setup

Connection Setup

PSTN
Switch
function
WLL
Controller
AM
HLR
Transceiver
WASU
Trunk
Air
Interface
U
WLL
T
WLL
Wireless Access Network Unit(WANU)
Interface between underlying telephone
network and wireless link
consists of
Base Station Transceivers (BTS)
Radio Controller(RPCU)
Access Manager(AM)
Home Location Register(HLR)

WANU
Wireless Access Subscriber
Unit(WASU)
located at the subscriber
translates wireless link into a
traditional telephone connection
Wireless in Local Loop (WLL)
The term used for wireless communication link as the
last mile/first mile connection.
Used to deliver Plain old Telephone Services (POTS)
and/or Broadband Internet to consumer.
Comparision
WLL Mobile Wireless Wireline
Rician fading Rayleigh fading No fading
Narrowbeam directed
antennas
Omnidirectional antennas Expensive wires
High Channel reuse Less Channel reuse Reuse Limited by wiring
Simple design, constant
channel
Expensive DSPs, power
control
Expensive to build and
maintain
Low in-premises mobility
only, easy access
High mobility allowed, easy
access
Low in-premises mobility,
wiring of distant areas
cumbersome
Weather conditions effects Not very reliable Very reliable
WLL
Advantages:
a) Once the wireless equipment is paid, no additional
cost is required for transport between central office
(CO) and customer premises equipment (CPE)
b) Direct competition with copper-wire based digital
subscriber Loop (DSL) technology
LMDS
In 1998, 1300 MHz of unused spectrum in 27-31 GHz
band was chosen by US govt. to support LMDS (Local
Multipoint Distribution Service).
A vast array of services & applications have been
proposed & that includes LMDS.
The concept of LMDS provides broadband
telecommunications access in the local exchange.
It is a fixed wireless service which require enormous
amount of bandwidth.
Cellular Concept
It is a system level idea which calls for replacing a
single high power transmitter (large cell) with many
low power transmitters (small cells) providing
coverage to small portion of service area.
Each base station is allocated a portion of the total
number of channels available to entire system.
Neighboring base stations are assigned different
groups of channels so interference between base
stations is minimized.
By limiting the coverage area to within the boundaries
of a cell, the same group of channels may be used to
cover different cells separated by distance large to keep
interference levels within tolerable limits.
The design process of selecting and allocating channel
groups for all of the cellular base stations within a
system is called frequency reuse or frequency
planning.
Frequency reuse concept

B
G
F
E
A
C
D
B
G C
D F
E
A
G
F
B
C
D
A
E
Figure a) Illustration of cellular frequency reuse concept
Cells with same letter use the same set of frequencies.
A cell cluster is outlined in bold and replicated over
the coverage area.
From the figure, cluster size N, is equal to seven and
frequency reuse factor is 1/7 since each cell contains
one-seventh of the total number of available channels.
Let,
S=total duplex channels available for use.
k= no. of channels allocated to each cell
(k<S)
N= S channels are divided among N cells into unique
and disjoint channel groups which each have same
number of channels
Total number of available radio channels can be
expressed as
S =k*N
N cells which collectively use the complete set of
available frequencies is called a cluster.
If a cluster is replicated M times within the system, the
total number of duplex channels, C can be used as a
measure of capacity and is given as
C = M*k*N = M*S.