Indianconstitution 121207073214 Phpapp02

INDIAN
CONSTITUTION
2
CONTENTS
1.What Is Constitution Anyway?
2.Why Do We Need Constitution?
3.The History of Constitution of India.
.The !ra"in# of Constitution of India.
$.The %rea"&'e to Constitution of India.
(.What Is The )onstitution of India?
*.+ain Chara)teristi)s of Constitution of
India.
,.Con)'usion
The !irst -oo. of Constitution of India is
/o)ated at %ar'ia"ent /i&rary -ui'din#0
New De'hi0 India.
3
CONTENTS
India.
,.Con)'usion
The !irst -oo. of Constitution /o)ated at
%ar'ia"ent /i&rary -ui'din#0 New De'hi

A'"ost e1erythin# we do is #o1erned &y so"e set of rules. There are ru'es for
#a"es 2'i.e3 so))er40 for so)ia' )'u&s and for adu'ts in the wor.5'a)e. There are
a'so ru'es i"5osed &y "ora'ity and )usto" that 5'ay an i"5ortant ro'e in te''in#
us what we shou'd and shou'd not do.
For examle! In the #a"e of so))er0 a referee has 6fu'' authority to enfor)e the "ules
or #aw of the $ame on the %'ayers70 when a 5'ayer do so"ethin# a#ainst the 8u'es
referee ta.es a)tion 'i.e send3off a 5'ayer0 as shown in i"a#es &e'ow.
shou'd Shou'd not
8ed3)ard
$
So"e ru'es that are "ade &y the le%islatures 2a'so .nown as /o. sa&ha98a:ya
Sa&ha in India40 for there own )ountry0 are )a''ed &#aw'.
We need #aws in So(iety so our so)iety )an re#u'ate and wor. 5ro5er'y. They
are desi#ned to 5rote)t us and our 5ro5erty and to ensure that e1eryone in
so)iety &eha1es the way that the )o""unity e;5e)ts the" too.
/aws te'' us what to e;5e)t as a (onse)uen(e of our a)tions. /aws ha1e &een
the #'ue that has .e5t so)iety to#ether. Without 'aws there wou'd &e )o"5'ete
anar(hy.
(
I* In $eneral!
The Constitution is the sureme law of the lan+. A'' other 'aws ha1e to
)onfor" to the Constitution. The )onstitution )ontains 'aws )on)ernin# the
#o1ern"ent and its re'ations with the 5eo5'e.
A )onstitution is )on)erned with 2 "ain as5e)ts<3
a4 The re'ation &etween the different 'e1e's of #o1ern"ent and
&4 -etween the #o1ern"ent and the )iti=ens.
Constitution
...
>
?o1ern"ent
The %eo5'e
*
?O@E8N+ENT
EAECBTI@E
CBDICIA8D
/E?IS/ATI@E
CONSTITBTION
THE %EO%/E
+a.es /aws
Inter5rets /aws
Enfor)es /aws
Fig.- Role of Constitution in relationship between Government and its people
8o'e of Constitution in re'ationshi5 &etween ?o1ern"ent and its 5eo5'e<3
,
II4 Te(hni(al Definitions!
A )onstitution is a set of funda"enta' 5rin)i5'es or esta&'ished 5re)edents
a))ordin# to whi)h a state or other or#ani=ation is #o1erned. These ru'es
to#ether "a.e u50 i.e. constitute0 what the entity is. When these 5rin)i5'es are
written down into a sin#'e )o''e)tion or set of 'e#a' do)u"ents0 those
do)u"ents "ay &e said to )o"5rise a written (onstitution.
or
The do)u"ent )ontainin# 'aws and ru'es whi)h deter"ine and des)ri&e the
for" of the #o1ern"ent0 the re'ationshi5 &etween the )iti=ens and the
#o1ern"ent0 is )a''ed a Constitution.
E
III4 An o,ser-ation!
FThe Constitution is not an instru"ent for the #o1ern"ent to restrain the
5eo5'e0 it is an instru"ent for the 5eo5'e to restrain the #o1ern"ent.7 33%atri).
Henry
%atri). Henry 21*3(31*EE4
1G
CONTENTS
..Why Do We Nee+ Constitution?
India.
,.Con)'usion
New De'hi0 India.
11
In $eneral3
I. We need a )onstitution to #o1ern a )ountry 5ro5er'y.
II. The )onstitution defines the nature of 5o'iti)a' syste" of a )ountry.
III. so"eti"es we fee' stron#'y a&out an issue that "i#ht #o a#ainst our 'ar#er
interests and the )onstitution he'5s us #uard a#ainst this.
I@. A'' the 3 or#ans of #o1ern"ent 2e;e)uti1e0 'e#is'ature and :udi)iary4
fun)tions within the )onstitution. A'' the 3 or#ans of #o1ern"ent0 in)'udin#
ordinary )iti=ens0 deri1e their 5ower and authority 2i.e. !unda"enta' 8i#ht4
fro" the )onstitution. If they a)t a#ainst it0 it is un)onstitutiona' and
un'awfu'.
So (onstitution is re)uire+ to ha-e authoritati-e allo(ation of ower an+
fun(tion/ an+ also to restri(t them within its limit.
12
13
To erform followin% Fun(tions we nee+ Constitution!
I. The first fun(tion of a )onstitution is to 5ro1ide a set of &asi) ru'es that
a''ow for "ini"a' )oordination a"on#st "e"&ers of a so)iety.
II. The se(on+ fun(tion of a )onstitution is to s5e)ify who has the 5ower to
"a.e de)isions in a so)iety. It de)ides how the #o1ern"ent wi'' &e
)onstituted.
III. The thir+ fun(tion of a )onstitution is to set so"e 'i"its on what a
#o1ern"ent )an i"5ose on its )iti=ens. These 'i"its are funda"enta' in
the sense that #o1ern"ent "ay e1er tres5ass the".
I0. The fourth fun(tion of a )onstitution is to ena&'e the #o1ern"ent to fu'fi''
the se5arations of a so)iety and )reate )onditions for a :ust so)iety.
1
CONTENTS
1.The 2istory of Constitution of In+ia.
India.
,.Con)'usion
New De'hi0 India.
1$
A #oo3 at An(ient In+ia!
India is a ho"e of an)ient FIndus 1a''ey )i1i'i=ation7 whi)h #oes &a). to 33GGH
13GG -C 2"ature 5eriod 2(GGH1EGG -C4. India is a wor'd fa"ous for its an)ient
history and )u'ture.
The ti"e -efore $GG AD is wide'y a))e5ted as era of An)ient India. The ear'iest
anato"i)a''y "odern hu"an re"ains found in South Asia date fro"
a55ro;i"ate'y 3G0GGG years a#o.
-ut re#ardin# to Constitutional History0 India #oes &a). to on'y 3
rd
Century
-C22(E -C to 231 -C4 in the ti"e of the 4meror &Asho3a The $reat.'
Shi1a %ashu5ati I Swasti.a Sea's fro" the Indus @a''ey
1(
1.1.5 6C ! 178 6C
4meror Asho3a 9aurya esta&'ished )onstitutiona' 5rin)i5'es0
En#ra1ed the" in "a:or ro).s0 5i''ar and on "inor ro).s for 5u&'i)
to ta.e referen)e. A'so .nown as 4+i(ts of Asho3a.
..18::AD!1;<8AD
5.1787AD!1:5;AD
1.1;<8AD!1787AD
4ast In+ia Comany ta.es total a+ministrati-e (ontrol &y
#ainin# ri#ht of ta;ation in -en#a' after -att'e of %'assey 21*$*4.
4ast In+ia Comany ta.es total unifie+ (ontrol o1er the who'e of
India fro" a sin#'e )enter in Ca')utta. -ut its ru'e ended with the
8e1o't of 1,$*.
This 5eriod of the 6ritish "a= was the ti"e when the Constitution
of In+ia too3 shae.
!ina''y Constitution of In+ia0 )reated in in+een+ent In+ia &y its
own free 5eo5'e0 was ado5ted on 2( No1e"&er 1EE and )a"e
into effe)t on 2( Canuary 1E$G. As we .now it and use it today.
8.1:8>AD
Indian Constitutiona' History
1*
1* The 4+i(ts of Asho3a ?1.5 6C ! 178 6C* esta&'ished )onstitutiona'
5rin)i5'es for the 3rd )entury -C +aurya .in#Js ru'e in An)ient India.
The Edi)ts of Asho.a are a )o''e)tion of 33 ins)ri5tions on the %i''ars of Asho.a0
as we'' as &ou'ders and )a1e wa''s0 "ade &y the E"5eror Asho.a of the
+auryan dynasty.
!ra#"ent of the (th %i''ar0 in -rah"i0
sandstones. -ritish +useu".
@iew of the Asho.an %i''ar at @aisha'i.
1,
.* 4ast In+ia Comany ?18::AD!1;<8AD*! In 1(GG0 the East India Co"5any
)a"e to India as a tradin# )o"5any fro" -ritain. In 1*($0 it &e)a"e an
ad"inistrati1e 5ower after #ainin# the "i%ht of Taxation in -en#a' after
defeatin# the Nawa& of -en#a' at the -att'e of %'assey 21*$*4.
Esta&'ished in 1(GG &y Kueen E'i=a&eth
@iew of East India House
1E
1* 4ast In+ia Comany ?1;<8AD!1787AD*! Durin# this 5eriod0 the )o"5any
esta&'ished a unifie+ (ontrol o-er the whole of In+ia fro" a sin#'e )enter in
Ca')utta. Different A)ts and /aws were for)ed &y )o"5any durin# this 5eriod
:ust so )o"5any )ou'd re"ain in 5ower and authority. -ut the )o"5any )a"e
under in)reasin# )ontro' &y 5ar'ia"ent of -ritain and its ru'e ended with the
8e1o't of 1,$*.
Different &att'es a'' o1er the India.
2G
5* 6ritish "a=?1787AD!1:5;AD*! This 5eriod of the -ritish 8a: was the ti"e
when the Constitution of India too. sha5e. The "ain sta#es of its e1o'ution
were<
I. The A(t for the 6etter $o-ernment of In+ia ?1787*! This 5ut India dire)t'y under the )ontro'
of the -ritish #o1ern"ent. It set u5 the offi)e of the Se)retary of State0 "e"&er of the -ritish
5ar'ia"ent0 who wou'd &e in )har#e of Indian #o1ern"ent. In India0 the ?o1ernor3?enera'0
wor.in# under the Se)retary of State0 'ed the ad"inistration.
!'a# of -ritish India 2Lnown as star of India4 /eft Huntin# of Indian Ti#ers0 8i#ht !a"ines and e5ide"i)s in the -ritish 8a:
21
II. In+ian Coun(ils A(t ?17<1*! A se5arate 'e#is'ati1e )oun)i' was set u5 to assist the ?o1ernor3
?enera' in "a.in# 'aws. Indians )ou'd &e a55ointed to the )oun)i'0 &ut on'y on the dis)retion of
the ?o1ernor3?enera'.
III. In+ian Coun(ils A(t ?17:.*! As a resu't of Indian de"ands0 the si=es of the e;e)uti1e and
'e#is'ati1e )oun)i's were in)reased. +ore Indians were a55ointed to these Coun)i's0 and the
5rin)i5'e of e'e)tion was introdu)ed.
I0. In+ian Coun(ils A(t ?1:>:*! This a)t in)reased the si=es of the )oun)i's a#ain0 and a'so #a1e
the 'e#is'ati1e )oun)i' the 5ower to dis)uss )ertain "atters and to as. Muestions. +ore 5eo5'e
were e'e)ted to the )oun)i's.
0. $o-ernment of In+ia A(t ?1:1:*! This introduced 'diarchy' (partial responsible government) at
the provincial level. Elected Indians were given charge of some areas of government (e.g.
industry education) at the provincial level.
22
0I. $o-ernment of In+ia A(t ?1:18*! This introdu)ed J5ro1in)ia' autono"yJ< res5onsi&'e
#o1ern"ent at the 5ro1in)es with e'e)ted Indians in )har#e of the ad"inistration0 and
res5onsi&'e to the e'e)ted 'e#is'atures. A federa' #o1ern"ent was 5ro5osed0 thou#h it did not
)o"e into effe)t. At the )entre0 Jdiar)hyJ was introdu)ed.
0II. In+ian In+een+en(e A(t ?1:5;*! The -ritish #a1e u5 )ontro' of the ?o1ern"ent of India to
two do"inions 3 India and %a.istan. !or the ti"e &ein# ti'' the )onstitution was "ade0 &oth of
the" wou'd &e #o1erned in a))ordan)e with the ?o1ern"ent of India a)t 1E3$.
The %artition of -ritish India was &ased on the 5re1ai'in# re'i#ions0
&road'y as shown in this "a5 of 1EGE.
%hoto of 8efu#ees at rai'way station in %un:a&
23
8* Constitution of In+ia?1:8>AD*! The Constitution was ena)ted &y the
Constituent Asse"&'y on 2( No1e"&er 1EE0 and )a"e into effe)t on 2(
Canuary 1E$G.
The date 2( Canuary was )hosen to )o""e"orate the @urna Swara=
+e(laration of in+een+en(e of 1:1>. With its ado5tion0 the Bnion of
India offi)ia''y &e)a"e the "odern and )onte"5orary 8e5u&'i) of India and
it re5'a)ed the ?o1ern"ent of India A)t 1E3$ as the )ountryJs funda"enta'
#o1ernin# do)u"ent.
Cons)ious efforts were "ade to ha1e )onsensus on different issues and
5rin)i5'es and there&y a1oid disa#ree"ent. The )onsensus )a"e in the
for" of the NO&:e)ti1es 8eso'utionO "o1ed &y Cawahar /a' Nehru in the
Constituent Asse"&'y on De)e"&er 1*0 1E( whi)h was a'"ost
unani"ous'y ado5ted on Canuary 220 1E*.
2
In the 'i#ht of these NO&:e)ti1esO the Asse"&'y )o"5'eted its tas. &y No1e"&er
2(0 1EE. The )onstitution was enfor)ed with effe)t fro" Canuary 2(0 1E$G.
!ro" that day India &e)a"e 8e5u&'i) of India.
2$
CONTENTS
5.The Framin% of Constitution of In+ia.
India.
,.Con)'usion
New De'hi0 India.
2(
The Constituent Assem,ly of India was e'e)ted to write the Constitution of
India. !o''owin# IndiaJs inde5enden)e fro" ?reat -ritain0 its "e"&ers
ser1ed as the nationJs first %ar'ia"ent.
This &ody was forme+ in 1:5< for the 5ur5ose of "a.in# inde5endent IndiaJs
)onstitution. The asse"&'y 5assed a reso'ution in 1E* Canuary definin# the
o,=e(ti-es of the (onstitution<3
14 To set u5 a Bnion of India )o"5risin# -ritish India and the 5rin)e'y states.
24 To set u5 a federa' for" of #o1ern"ent with se5arate state and )entra' #o1ern"ents.
34 To set u5 a de"o)ra)y in whi)h a'' 5ower is deri1ed fro" the 5eo5'e<
I4 where a'' 5eo5'e are #uaranteed :usti)e0 eMua'ity and freedo"P
II4 where "inorities0 de5ressed )'asses and the tri&a'Js ri#hts are 5rote)tedP
4 To 5rote)t the inte#rity of India and her so1erei#n ri#hts o1er 'and0 sea and air.
$4 To he'5 India attain its ri#htfu' 5'a)e in the wor'd 3 and wor. for 5ea)e and we'fare of a''
"an.ind.
2*
Dr. Sa)h)hidananda Sinha was the first 5resident 2te"5orary4 of the
Constituent Asse"&'y when it "et on De)e"&er E0 1E(. /ater0 Dr. 8a:endra
%rasad &e)a"e the %resident of the Constituent Asse"&'y and Dr. -hi"rao
A"&ed.ar &e)a"e the Chair"an of its draftin# )o""ittee on De)e"&er
1101E( .
!irst 5resident 2te"5orary4 Dr. Sa)h)hidananda Sinha 2/eft4 on De)e"&er E0 1E(. Dr. 8a:endra %rasad 2+idd'e4 the %resident
of the Constituent Asse"&'y and Dr. -hi"rao A"&ed.ar 28i#ht4 the Chair"an of its draftin# )o""ittee as on De)e"&er
1101E( .
2,
First +ay ?De(em,er :/ 1:5<* of the Constituent Assem,ly. !ro" ri#ht< -. ?. Lher and Sardar @a''a&hai %ate'P
L. +. +unshi is seated &ehind %ate'.
The Constituent Asse"&'y )onsisted of 3,$ "e"&ers0 of whi)h 2E2 were e'e)ted &y the e'e)ted
"e"&ers of the %ro1in)ia' /e#is'ati1e Asse"&'ies whi'e E3 "e"&ers were no"inated &y the
%rin)e'y States. To these were to &e added a re5resentati1e ea)h fro" the four Chief
Co""issioners %ro1in)es of De'hi0 A:"er3 +arwar0 Coor# and -ritish -a'u)histan.
2E
1.From U.A. ! No"ina' Head H %resident0 Ca&inet Syste" of +inisters0 %ost of %+0 %ar'ia"entary Ty5e of ?o1t.0
-i)a"era' %ar'ia"ent0 /ower House "ore 5owerfu'0 Coun)i' of +inisters res5onsi&'e to /ower House0 %ro1ision
of S5ea.er in /o. Sa&ha.
6orrowe+ features of (onstitution of In+ia
..From U.S.A! Written )onstitution0 A55oint"ent of @i)e %resident0 !unda"enta' 8i#hts0 Su5re"e )ourt0
Head of the state .nown as 5resident0 %ro1ision of states0 Cudi)ia' re1iew
;.From Cana+a! !edera' Syste" and 8esiduary 5owers
5.From USS"! !unda"enta' Duties0 !i1e year 5'an
1.From Australia! Con)urrent /ist0 Centre3State re'ationshi50 /an#ua#e of the %rea"&'e
8.From $ermany! E"er#en)y 5ro1isions
<.From Baan! /aw on whi)h the Su5re"e Court fun)tions
7.From South Afri(a! %ro)edure of )onstitutiona' a"end"ent
:.From Irelan+! Con)e5t of Dire)ti1e %rin)i5'es of state 5o'i)y.
3G
For the time ,ein% till the (onstitution was ma+e/ In+ia woul+ ,e
%o-erne+ in a((or+an(e with the $o-ernment of In+ia a(t 1:18.
The Asse"&'y "et in sessions o5en to the 5u&'i)0 for 1(( days0 s5read o1er a
5eriod of 2 years0 11 "onths and 1, days &efore ado5tin# the Constitution.
It was fina''y 5assed and a))e5ted on No1 2(0 1EE. In a'' the 2, "e"&ers of
the Asse"&'y si#ned the offi)ia' )o5ies 2Ori#ina'4 of the Indian Constitution.
After "any de'i&erations and so"e "odifi)ations o1er 111 5'enary sessions in
11 days0 the 3G, "e"&ers of the Asse"&'y si#ned two )o5ies 2!ina'4 of the
do)u"ent 2one ea)h in Hindi and En#'ish4 on 2 Canuary 1E$G
Sa"e day the Asse"&'y unani"ous'y e'e)ted Dr0 8a:endra %rasad as the
%resident of India. whi)h )a"e into effe)t on Can 2(0 1E$G0 .nown and
)e'e&rated as the "eu,li( Day of In+ia.
31
The (3rd 8e5u&'i) Day Ce'e&rations on 2(th Canuary
2G12 at New De'hi0 India
32
CONTENTS
.The !ra"in# of Constitution of India
8.The @ream,le to Constitution of In+ia.
India.
,.Con)'usion
New De'hi0 India.
33
The @ream,le to the Constitution of In+ia is a ,rief intro+u(tory statement that sets out the
%ui+in% urose an+ rin(iles of the +o(ument.
W4/ T24 @4O@#4 OF INDIA/ ha1in# so'e"n'y reso'1ed to )onstitute India
into a SO04"4I$N SOCIA#IST S4CU#A" D49OC"ATIC "4@U6#IC and
to se)ure to a'' its )iti=ens<
BUSTIC40 so)ia'0 e)ono"i) and 5o'iti)a'P
#I64"TC of thou#ht0 e;5ression0 &e'ief0 faith and worshi5P
4DUA#ITC of status and of o55ortunityP
and to 5ro"ote a"on# the" a''
F"AT4"NITC assurin# the di#nity of the indi1idua' and the unity and inte#rity
of the NationP
IN OU" CONSTITU4NT ASS496#C this twenty3si;th day of No1e"&er0
1EE0 do 24"46C ADO@T/ 4NACT AND $I04 TO OU"S4#04S T2IS
CONSTITUTION.
3
The first words of the %rea"&'e 3 EWe/ the eoleE 3 si#nifies that 5ower is
u'ti"ate'y 1ested in the hands of the %eo5'e of India. So far the %rea"&'e
has &een a"ended on'y on)e in 1E*( &y 2
nd
a"end"ent 2)han#e4 whi)h
inserted the words So)ia'is"0 Se)u'aris" and Inte#rity. A ,rief +es(rition
of these (on(ets are as follows 2in the order they )o"e in %rea"&'e43
1. So-erei%n! It "eans free to fo''ow interna' and e;terna' %o'i)ies.
.. Se(ular! It "eans no 5arti)u'ar 8e'i#ion is 5referred.
1. So(ialist! It "eans no )on)entration of %ower and +oney.
5. Demo(rati(! It "eans ru'e &y e'e)ted re5resentati1e of the %eo5'e of India.
8. "eu,li(! It "eans no roo" for hereditary ru'er or "onar)h.
3$
The 5rea"&'e35a#e0 a'on# with other 5a#es of the !irst and ori#ina' 6oo3 of Constitution of In+ia0
was desi#ned 2Art4 and de)orated 2!ra"es4 so'e'y &y renowned 5ainter -eohar sha.ha.
Hindi 2/eft4 and En#'ish 2+idd'e4 1ersions of %rea"&'e as a1ai'a&'e in the !irst &oo. of Constitution of India 28i#ht4.
3(
@urose of 2a-in% a @ream,le<
The %rea"&'e to our Constitution ser1es two 5ur5oses< 3
A4 It indi)ates the sour)e fro" whi)h the Constitution deri1es its authorityP
-4 It a'so states the o&:e)ts0 whi)h the Constitution see.s to esta&'ish and
5ro"ote.
The %rea"&'e see.s to esta&'ish what +ahat"a ?andhi des)ri&ed as The India
of "y Drea"s0 6>an India in whi)h the 5oorest sha'' fee' that it is their )ountry
in whose "a.in# they ha1e an effe)ti1e 1oi)eP >an India in whi)h a''
)o""unities sha'' 'ea1e I 5erfe)t har"ony. There )an &e no roo" in su)h an
India for the )urse of unso)ia&i'ity or the )urse of Into;i)atin# drin.s and dru#s.
Wo"an wi'' en:oy as the sa"e ri#hts as "an.6
3*
CONTENTS
<.What Is The (onstitution of In+ia?
India.
,.Con)'usion
New De'hi0 India.
3,
Constitution of India is )onsidered to &e the su5re"e 'aw of the )ountry0 as it
5uts forth the fra"ewor. of funda"enta' 5o'iti)a' 5rin)i5'es. It esta&'ishes the
stru)ture0 5ro)edures0 5owers and duties of the #o1ern"ent and "entions the
funda"enta' ri#hts0 dire)ti1e 5rin)i5'es and duties of )iti=ens.
The Constitution de)'ares India as a So1erei#n0 So)ia'ist De"o)rati)0 and
8e5u&'i) with a 5ar'ia"entary for" of #o1ern"ent.
The Indian Constitution shows !edera' as we'' as Bnitary Syste".
1. Fe+eral System! 5owers are di1ided and9or shared &etween state and
)entra' #o1ern"ents
2. Union System! 5ower )on)entration in )entra' #o1ern"ent with wea. state
?o1ern"ent
2i4 Constitution of India In ?enera'<3
3E
-oth features are 'isted &e'ow<3
Fe+eral Features!
1. Su5re"a)y of the Constitution0
2. Di1ision of 5ower &etween the Bnion 2)entra' ?o1ern"ents4 and State0 and
3. The e;isten)e of an inde5endent :udi)iary in the Indian Constitution.
Unitary Features!
1. Sin#'e Citi=enshi5
2. Sin#'e Constitution
3. %ower of union to o1erride on the state "atters
. Durin# e"er#en)y the syste" &e)a"e 1irtua''y unitary
$. Chan#es in the na"es and &oundaries of the states &y the %ar'ia"ent
(. Inte#rated Cudi)iary Syste"
*. Centre a55oints the ?o1ernors
,. De5enden)e of states on the )entre for e)ono"i) assistan)e and #rants.
G
-oth features are 'isted &e'ow<3 2ii4 Stru)ture of Constitution of India<3
)onsists of 1 5rea"&'e0 2$ 5arts )ontainin# $G arti)'es0 12 s)hedu'es0 2 a55endi)es and E*
a"end"ents to date. A'thou#h it is federa' in nature it a'so has a stron# unitary &ias.
The Constitution0 in its )urrent for" 2+ar)h 2G1140
Constitution of India
%rea"&'e 1 %arts 2$
Arti)'es $G
A"end"ents E* A55endi)es 2 S)hedu'es 12
!unda"enta' 8i#hts
Dire)ti1e %rin)i5'es
!unda"enta' Duties
1
Different e'e"ents of )onstitution are des)ri&ed as fo''ows<3
1. @ream,le ?1* 3 The %rea"&'e to the Constitution of India is a &rief
introdu)tory state"ent that sets out the #uidin# 5ur5ose and 5rin)i5'es of
the do)u"ent.
2. @arts ?.8* H The indi1idua' Arti)'es of the Constitution are #rou5ed to#ether
into the fo''owin# %arts<
1. %art I H Bnion and its Territory
2. %art II H Citi=enshi5.
3. %art III H !unda"enta' 8i#hts.
. %art I@ H Dire)ti1e %rin)i5'es of State %o'i)y.
$. %art I@A H !unda"enta' Duties.
(. %art @ H The Bnion.
*. %art @I H The States.
,. %art @II H States in the - 5art of the !irst s)hedu'e 28e5ea'ed4.
E. %art @III H The Bnion Territories
1G. %art IA H The %an)hayats.
2
11. %art IAA H The +uni)i5a'ities. 2%art IA- H The Coo5erati1e So)ieties 3not effe)ti1e yet4
12. %art A H The s)hedu'ed and Tri&a' Areas
13. %art AI H 8e'ations &etween the Bnion and the States.
1. %art AII H !inan)e0 %ro5erty0 Contra)ts and Suits
1$. %art AIII H Trade and Co""er)e within the territory of India
1(. %art AI@ H Ser1i)es Bnder the Bnion0 the States.
1*. %art AI@A H Tri&una's.
1,. %art A@ H E'e)tions
1E. %art A@I H S5e)ia' %ro1isions 8e'atin# to )ertain C'asses.
2G. %art A@II H /an#ua#es
21. %art A@III H E"er#en)y %ro1isions
22. %art AIA H +is)e''aneous
23. %art AA H A"end"ent of the Constitution
2. %art AAI H Te"5orary0 Transitiona' and S5e)ia' %ro1isions
2$. %art AAII H Short tit'e0 date of )o""en)e"ent0 Authoritati1e te;t in Hindi and 8e5ea's
3. Arti(le ?1!58>4 3 It is su&)ate#ory of different %arts in the )onstitution whi)h
)ontains detai' infor"ation of the su&:e)t or the Tit'e whi)h an Arti)'e
re5resents.
3
. Amen+ments ?:;4 3 A"end"ent of the Constitution of India is the 5ro)ess of
"a.in# )han#es to the nationJs funda"enta' 'aw. Chan#es to the Indian
)onstitution are "ade &y the federa' 5ar'ia"ent. The 5ro)edure is 'aid out in
%art AA0 Arti)'e 3(,0 of the Constitution.
$. S(he+ules ?1.4 3 S)hedu'es are 'ists in the Constitution that )ate#ori=e and
ta&u'ate &ureau)rati) a)ti1ity and 5o'i)y of the ?o1ern"ent.
(. Aen+i(es ?.4 3 They are e;tension to the )onstitution.
*. Fun+amentals "i%hts ?@art III! Arti(le1.!184 3 The word funda"enta'
su##ests that these ri#hts are so i"5ortant that the Constitution has se5arate'y
'isted the" and "ade s5e)ia' 5ro1isions for their 5rote)tion. The !unda"enta'
8i#hts are so i"5ortant that the Constitution itse'f ensures that they are not
1io'ated &y the #o1ern"ent.

!unda"enta' 8i#hts are different fro" other ri#hts a1ai'a&'e to us. Whi'e
ordinary 'e#a' ri#hts are 5rote)ted and enfor)ed &y ordinary 'aw0
!unda"enta' 8i#hts are 5rote)ted and #uaranteed &y the )onstitution of the
)ountry.
The Constitution of India re)o#ni=es )ertain &asi) funda"enta' ri#hts for e1ery
)iti=en of India0 su)h as<3
2a4 8i#ht to EMua'ity
2&4 8i#ht to !reedo"
2)4 8i#ht to !reedo" of 8e'i#ion
2d4 8i#ht a#ainst E;5'oitation
2e4 Cu'tura' I Edu)ationa' 8i#hts
2f4 8i#ht to Constitutiona' 8e"edies
$
Ordinary ri#hts "ay &e )han#ed &y the 'e#is'ature &y ordinary 5ro)ess of 'aw
"a.in#0 &ut a funda"enta' ri#ht "ay on'y &e )han#ed &y a"endin# the
Constitution itse'f. -esides this0 no or#an of the #o1ern"ent )an a)t in a
"anner that 1io'ates the".
Any infrin#e"ent of funda"enta' ri#hts )an &e )ha''en#ed &y any )iti=en of
India in the )ourt of 'aw. The Constitution of India a'so 5res)ri&es so"e
funda"enta' duties on e1ery )iti=en in India.
(
,. Fun+amental Duties ?@art I0 Arti(le 81A *! These !unda"enta' ri#hts ha1e
&een 5ro1ided at the )ost of so"e funda"enta' duties. These are
)onsidered as the duties that "ust &e and shou'd &e 5erfor"ed &y e1ery
)iti=en of India. These funda"enta' duties are defined as<
It sha'' &e the duty of e1ery )iti=ens of India< 3
a. To a&ide &y the Constitution.
&. To u5ho'd I 5rote)t the so1erei#nty0 unity and inte#rity of India.
). To Cherish I fo''ow the no&'e ideas whi)h ins5ired our nationa' stru##'e for freedo"
d. To defend the )ountry I render nationa' ser1i)e when )a''ed u5on to do so.
e. To 5ro"ote har"ony I the s5irit of )o""on &rotherhood.
f. To 1a'ue I 5reser1e the ri)h herita#e of our )o"5osite )u'ture.
#. To 5rote)t I i"5ro1e the nationa' en1iron"ent.
h. To de1e'o5 the s)ientifi) te"5er0 hu"anis" and the s5irit of inMuiry and refor".
i. To safe#uard 5u&'i) 5ro5erty I to a&:ure 1io'en)e.
:. To stri1e towards e;)e''en)e in a'' s5heres of indi1idua' I )o''e)ti1e a)ti1ity0 so that the nations
)onstant'y rises to hi#her 'e1e's of endea1or I a)hie1e"ent.
*
E. Dire(ti-e @rin(iles ?@art I0! Arti(le1<!8143 It 5ro1ides the so)ia' and
e)ono"i) &ase of a #enuine de"o)ra)y. The )'assifi)ation of these are as
fo''ows3
1. So)io3e)ono"i) %rin)i5'es
2. /i&era' %rin)i5'es
3. ?andhian %rin)i5'es
. Internationa' 5rin)i5'es
1. So)io3e)ono"i) %rin)i5'es
1. Arti)'e 3, of the Constitution of India sha'' endea1or to for"u'ate su)h so)ia' syste" whi)h wi''
se)ure so)ia'0 e)ono"i) and 5o'iti)a' :usti)e to a'' in a'' the s5heres of 'ife.
2. Arti)'e 3E2a4 the state sha'' try to for"u'ate its 5o'i)y in su)h a "anner so as to se)ure adeMuate
"eans of 'i1e'ihood for a'' its )iti=ens.
3. Arti)'e 3E2&4 the ownershi5 of "ateria' resour)es wou'd &e )ontro''ed in su)h a "anner so as to
su& ser1e the )o""on #ood.
. Arti)'e 3E2)4 the e)ono"y of the state wi'' &e ad"inistered in su)h a "anner so that wea'th "ay
not yet &e )on)entrated in a few hands and the "eans of 5rodu)tion "ay not &e used a#ainst
the 5u&'i) interest.
,
$. Arti)'e 1 of the Indian Constitution0 the State wi'' wor. within the 'i"its of its e)ono"i) 1ia&i'ity
and 5ro#ress0 5ro1ide to the )iti=ens the ri#ht to wor.0 the ri#ht to edu)ation and #enera'
assistan)e in the e1ent of une"5'oy"ent0 o'd a#e0 disease and other disa&i'ities.
(. Arti)'e 2 of the Indian Constitution0 the state wi'' "a.e 5ro1isions for the )reation of :ust and
hu"ane )onditions of wor.. It wi'' a'so ensure "aternity re'ief.
*. Arti)'e 3 of the Indian Constitution0 the state wi'' ensure adeMuate wa#es0 #ood 'ife and rest to
the 'a&orers. The state wi'' a'so endea1or to "a.e a1ai'a&'e to the 'a&orers 1arious so)io)u'tura'
fa)i'ities.
2. /i&era' %rin)i5'es
1. Arti)'e of the Indian Constitution0 the State sha'' endea1or to for"u'ate and i"5'e"ent a
Bnifor" )i1i'3)ode for a'' the 5eo5'e 'i1in# throu#hout the territory of India.
2. Arti)'e $ of the Indian Constitution0 the State sha'' endea1or to 5ro1ide ear'y )hi'dhood )are
and edu)ation for a'' the )hi'dren unti' they )o"5'ete the a#e of si; years.
3. Arti)'e * of the Indian Constitution0 the State sha'' stri1e to raise the 'e1e' of nutrition and the
standard of 'i1in#. Thus0 it wi'' endea1or to i"5ro1e u5on the hea'th of the 5eo5'e.
. Arti)'e , of the Indian Constitution0 the State sha'' stri1e to or#ani=e a#ri)u'ture and hus&andry
on "odern and s)ientifi) 'ines. It wi'' a'so try to "aintain and i"5ro1e u5on the &reed of the
ani"a's.
E
$. Arti)'e $G of the Indian Constitution the state wi'' try to se5arate the :udi)iary fro" the e;e)uti1e
in the )ase of 5u&'i) ser1i)e.
3. ?andhian %rin)i5'es
1. Arti)'e G0 State wi'' stri1e to or#ani=e %an)hayats in 1i''a#es and wi'' endow the" with su)h
5owers whi)h ena&'e the" to a)t as units of se'f #o1ern"ent.
2. Arti)'e 30 the state sha'' stri1e to de1e'o5 the )otta#e industry in the rura' areas &oth0 on
indi1idua' or )oo5erati1e &asis.
3. Arti)'e *0the state wi'' stri1e to &an the )onsu"5tion of wine0 other into;i)atin# drin.s and a''
su)h )o""odities whi)h are )onsidered in:urious to hea'th.
. Arti)'e , re1ea's that State wi'' &an s'au#hterin# of )ows0 )a'1es and other "i'. )att'e.
. Internationa' 5rin)i5'es
1. Arti)'e $12a43 The State wi'' stri1e to 5ro"ote internationa' 5ea)e and se)urity.
2. Arti)'e $12&43 The State wi'' stri1e to "aintain :ust and honora&'e re'ations a"on# 1arious states
in the wor'd.
3. Arti)'e $12)43 The State wi'' endea1or to 5ro"ote res5e)t for Internationa' treaties0 a#ree"ents0
and 'aw.
. Arti)'e $12f 43 The State wi'' stri1e to sett'e internationa' dis5utes &y ar&itration.
$G
2iii4 Constitution of India and ?o1ern"ent<3
Into three distin)t &ut interre'ated &ran)hes< #e%islati-e0 4xe(uti-e and
Bu+i(iary H ha1e to fun)tion within their own s5heres de"ar)ated under the
Constitution. In other words0 the do)trine of Se5aration of %owers has &een
i"5'i)it'y re)o#ni=ed &y the Indian Constitution.
The Indian #o1ern"ent is di1ided
?o1ern"ent of India
E;e)uti1e
Cudi)iary
/e#is'ati1e
The @arliament of In+ia Qthe
%resident of India R the two Houses
/o. Sa&ha 2House of the %eo5'e4
and 8a:ya Sa&ha 2Coun)i' of
States4.
The Sureme Court of In+ia
)onsists of a Chief Custi)e and 3G
asso)iate :usti)es
The @resi+ent of In+ia0 @i)e
%resident0 Ca&inet0 e;e)uti1e
de5art"ents and a#en)ies.
$1
A )arefu' study of the Constitution wi'' show that there are at 'east ei#ht &asi)
5rin)i5'es whi)h are e"&odied in it and whi)h for" the foundation of the
5o'iti)a' syste" in India. These are<
214 %o5u'ar so1erei#nty0
224 So)ia'is"0
234 Se)u'aris"0
24 !unda"enta' ri#hts0
2$4 Dire)ti1e %rin)i5'es of State %o'i)y0
2(4 Cudi)ia' inde5enden)e0
2*4 !edera'is" and
2,4 Ca&inet #o1ern"ent.
2i14 The -asi) %rin)i5'es of the Constitution of India<3
$2
214 %ro)edure of A"end"ents of the Constitution of India<3
The &asi) stru)ture of the Constitution is un)han#ea&'e and on'y su)h
a"end"ents to the Constitution are a''owed whi)h do not affe)t its &asi)
stru)ture or ro& it of its essentia' )hara)ter.
1. 6y simle ma=ority of the @arliamentF A"end"ents in this )ate#ory )an
&e "ade &y a si"5'e "a:ority of "e"&ers 5resent and 1otin#0 &efore sendin#
the" for the %residentJs assent.
2. 6y se(ial ma=ority of the @arliamentF A"end"ents )an &e "ade in this
)ate#ory &y a two 3 third "a:ority of the tota' nu"&er of "e"&ers 5resent and
1otin#0 whi)h shou'd not &e 'ess than ha'f of the tota' "e"&ershi5 of the
house.
3. 6y se(ial ma=ority of the @arliament an+ ratifi(ation of at 'east ha'f of
the state 'e#is'atures &y s5e)ia' "a:ority. After this0 it is sent to the %resident
for his assent.
$3
An a"end"ent to the FConstitution of India7 is an e;tre"e'y diffi)u't affair0 and
nor"a''y needs at 'east Ftwo!thir+s?.G1*' of the /o. Sa&ha and 8a:ya Sa&ha
to 5ass it.
Howe1er0 the Constitution of India is one of the "ost freMuent'y a"ended
)onstitutions in the wor'd. +any "atters that wou'd &e dea't with &y ordinary
statutes in "ost de"o)ra)ies "ust &e dea't with &y )onstitutiona' a"end"ent
in India due to the do)u"entJs e;traordinary detai'.
$
The Indian Supreme Court and Election Commission are recognized as
the bedrock of Indian democracyP these two &odies stand u5 to the
enor"ous 5owers that the )onstitution in1ests in the )entra' #o1ern"ent in
#enera' and to the un&rid'ed 5owers of the Indian 5ri"e "inister in 5arti)u'ar.
21i4 Che).s and -a'an)es<3
The )he).s and &a'an)es that are 5ro1ided &y
the )onstitution a'so s"ooth out the strained
re'ations &etween the )entra' #o1ern"ent and
the states &y 'i"itin# the )entra' #o1ern"entJs
a&i'ity to interfere in the statesJ affairs. Bsua''y0
either the state #o1ern"ent or a 5o'iti)a' 5arty
"ay fi'e an a55ea' or a writ 5etition in the
Su5re"e Court a#ainst a 5o'i)y or 5ra)ti)e of
the union or a state.
$$
A'thou#h IndiaJs )onstitution fo''ows the -ritish 5ar'ia"entary syste"0 it is the
)onstitution and not the 5ar'ia"ent of India that rei#ns su5re"e. As in the
Bnited States0 the Indian )ourts inter5ret the )onstitution and ad:udi)ate the
'aws 5assed &y the 5ar'ia"ent.
A'thou#h the 5ar'ia"ent has the authority to a"end
the )onstitution0 IndiaJs )ourts ha1e "ade sure that
the 5ar'ia"ent does not )han#e its funda"enta'
stru)ture0 whi)h #uarantees e)ono"i) o55ortunities0
so)ia' :usti)e0 and re'i#ious and 5o'iti)a' freedo" to
a'' its )iti=ens. A'thou#h 5o'iti)a' )orru5tion and
)oer)ion are ra"5ant in IndiaSas they are in other
de1e'o5in# )ountriesSthe )ourts are :udi)iary
#uarantors of IndiaJs freedo" fro" o55ression.
$(
CONTENTS
India.
,.Con)'usion
New De'hi0 India.
$*
*.+ain Chara)teristi)s of Constitution of India.
The Constitution of India has so"e distin)t and uniMue features as )o"5ared
to other )onstitutions to the wor'd. As Dr. -.8. A"&ed.ar0 the Chair"an of
the Draftin# Co""ittee 5uts it0 the fra"ers had tried to a))u"u'ate and
a))o""odate the &est features of other )onstitutions0 .ee5in# in 1iew the
5e)u'iar 5ro&'e"s and needs of our )ountry. +ain Chara)teristi)s of
Constitution of India are<3
1. /on#est written )onstitution.
2. %art'y 8i#id and %art'y !'e;i&'e
3. A De"o)rati) 8e5u&'i)
. %ar'ia"entary Syste" of ?o1ern"ent
$. A !ederation
(. !unda"enta' 8i#hts
*. Dire)ti1e %rin)i5'es of State %o'i)y
,. !unda"enta' Duties
E. Se)u'ar State
1G. An Inde5endent Cudi)iary
11. Sin#'e Citi=enshi5

$,
CONTENTS
India.
7.Con(lusion
New De'hi0 India.
$E
,.Con)'usion
A Constitution sy"&o'i=es inde5enden)e of a )ountry. !ra"ewor. and stru)ture
for the #o1ernan)e of a free )ountry are 5ro1ided in the Constitution. The
Constituent Asse"&'y 5re5ared the draft of the Constitution &y .ee5in# the
NO&:e)ti1es 8eso'utionO as the &a).dro5 whi)h ref'e)ted the as5irations of the
5eo5'e of India.
The fra"in# of the Constitution was )o"5'eted on No1e"&er 2(0 1EE when the
Constituent Asse"&'y for"a''y ado5ted the new Constitution. The Constitution
)a"e into for)e with effe)t fro" Canuary 2(0 1E$G.
The Constitution &e#ins with a %rea"&'e whi)h de)'ares India to &e a So1erei#n0
So)ia'ist0 Se)u'ar0 De"o)rati)0 8e5u&'i). The %rea"&'e a'so "entions the #oa's
of se)urin# :usti)e0 'i&erty and eMua'ity for a'' its )iti=ens and 5ro"otion of natio3
na' unity and inte#rity on the &asis of fraternity a"on# the 5eo5'e assurin# di#nity
of the indi1idua'.
(G
,.Con)'usion
%i)ture shows the 5a#es fro"
the Constitution of India0 at
the @A"#IA94NT 9US4U90
%ar'ia"ent /i&rary -ui'din#0
New De'hi.
@A"#IA94NT
9US4U9 < A hi#h3
te)h story3te''in#
+useu" de5i)tin# the
)ontinuu" of the
de"o)rati) herita#e in
India has &een
dedi)ated to the
Nation &y
Dr. A @ B A,+ul
Aalam0 @resi+ent of
In+ia on 1th Au#ust
2GG(.
(1
,.Con)'usion
The Constitution of India has se1era' distin)ti1e features. It is the 'en#thiest
Constitution in the wor'd and it is a )o"&ination of ri#idity and f'e;i&i'ity. The
Constitution 5ro1ides for a Muasi3federa' 2It "eans a federa' set u5 where
des5ite ha1in# two )'ear sets of #o1ern"ent H )entra' and the states0 "ore
5owers are #i1en to the Centra' ?o1ern"ent.4 set u5 with a stron# )entre.
There is a )'ear di1ision of 5owers &etween the Centre and the States. The
Su5re"e Court of India0 is the a5e; )ourt of India whi)h wi'' reso'1e the
dis5utes &etween the )entre and state or &etween the states.
India has a 5ar'ia"entary de"o)ra)y. The Coun)i' of +inisters headed &y the
%ri"e +inister en:oys the rea' 5owers and is res5onsi&'e to the %ar'ia"ent. The
Indian Constitution 5ro1ides for !unda"enta' 8i#hts whi)h are :ustifia&'e. Ten
!unda"enta' Duties ha1e a'so &een added to the Constitution. The Dire)ti1e
%rin)i5'es of State %o'i)y #i1e a )on)rete sha5e to the we'fare )on)e5t.
(2
It is ti"e to underta.e a study of Indian !edera'is" with a 1iew to 1a'uate the
trends0 fri)tions and diffi)u'ties whi)h ha1e de1e'o5ed in the area of inter3
#o1ern"enta' re'ations and to see. to e1o'1e ways and "eans to "eet the
)ha''en#in# tas. of "a.in# the Indian federation a "ore ro&ust0 stron# and
wor.a&'e syste" so that the )ountry "ay "eet the tas.s of se'f3i"5ro1e"ent
and de1e'o5"ent.
The res5onsi&i'ity 'ies on not on'y the :urists and 5o'i)y fra"ers0 &ut a'so the
)iti=ens of the )ountry to wor. in a har"onious "anner for the de1e'o5"ent of
the )ountry.
,.Con)'usion
(3
CONTENTS
India.
,.Con)'usion
New De'hi0 India.

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