University of Oxford Astrophysics & Mansfield College 2 Contents
Pluto an update Dark matter Dark energy 3 Pluto 4 Old solar system 5 Pluto and the Lowell Observatory Pluto discovered in Feb 1930 announcement held until 13 th March, the 75 th anniversary of Percival Lowells birth. Initially believed to be much more massive than it actually is. Not yet named. 6 Oxford school-girl names Pluto! 14/3/1930; newspapers carry news of discovery Venetia Burneys grandfather reads out to her The Times report. Grandfather is the retired Librarian of oxford Universitys Bodleian Library. Venetia suggests Pluto Venetia Burney Phair 7 Name forwarded Grandfather impressed takes suggestion to Herbert Hall Turner Oxfords Savillian Professor of Astronomy 15 th March HHT telegraphs name to Lowell Observatory; Observatory likes name and adopts it.
Herbert Hall Turner 8 Problem with Pluto 1 Unusual orbit highly inclined to plane where all the other planets orbit. Also more eccentric (although not by a lot) Diagrams compare orbits of Pluto and Neptune.
Plutos orbit 9 10 The problem with Pluto 2 Smallest mass planet (one-thirtieth of mass of Mercury); for many years its mass and diameter were overestimated. Smaller and less massive mass than some moons Ganymede, Titan, Callisto, Io, the Moon, Europa and Triton. (Pluto on bottom right!) 11 Problem with Pluto 3 Charon big for a moon when compared with Pluto. Unusual both tidally locked (each always shows the same face to the other) 12 Problem with Pluto 4 Pluto has pals! Lots of Pluto-like things are being discovered a bit further out than Pluto. 13 More to come! Half a million Kuiper belt objects with diameters greater than 30 kilometers. Beyond Neptune there are estimated to be more than 100000 icy objects with diameters over 100km. With new telescopes (e.g PanStarrs) coming on line more and more of these will be discovered. 14 Pan-Starrs 4 x 1.8 m telescopes Located in Hawaii Primary task to identify hazardous asteroids 15 Definition of a planet A planet could be defined in several ways: it orbits the Sun (but is not a moon, an artificial satellite, or another star) it is round(-ish) it was formed from the proto-solar disk it is the dominant object/has cleared its orbit it causes perturbations of other planets motion 16 International Astronomical Union The world body responsible for definitions and for naming objects About 2000 astronomers in membership Meets every three years for 10 days summer 2006 in Prague. In 2009 in Rio de Janiero. (Executive Committee meets more often.) Resolutions Committee. 17 Todays Definitions A PLANET Orbits Sun, is not a satellite, nor a star Round (ish) Has cleared its orbit A DWARF PLANET Orbits Sun, etc Is round(ish) SMALL SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES 18 Issues outstanding Boundary between brown dwarf (failed star) and large planet. Relation to planets around other stars. Definition of binary planets/dwarf planets (e.g.Pluto and Charon) Naming issues 19
The Milky Way our galaxy 20 Rotating, spiral galaxy 21 Andromeda Galaxy 22 Our Galaxy the Milky Way Our Sun is one of 100 thousand million stars that make up the Milky Way. It is an average star, located two-thirds of the way out from the centre. Galaxy is disk-shaped, 100,000 light years diameter. Sun rotates round centre of galaxy at ~ 200 km/s 23 Orion and Milky Way 24 Milky Way + telescope 25 The Milky Way in other languages Australian Aboriginal The Rainbow Serpent Celtic The Silver Street (Arianrod) China The Celestial River Cree Indian The Path of the Spirits Ancient Hebrew River of Fire Kalahari The Backbone of the Night The Milky Way in other languages, contd Korean Silver River Water Maori - The Long Fish Setswana The Place where the Lightening Rests Siberia Silicon River Sweden The Winter Road
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Dark matter and the rotation of galaxies 28 Spiral galaxies 29 Wheres the edge of the galaxy? As the edge of the visible galaxy is reached you would expect this rotation curve to start dropping it should follow Keplers Third Law. It doesnt! Besides the visible material there must be dark material which contributes gravity 30
Clusters of galaxies
and dark matter 31 Perseus Cluster of Galaxies Galaxies moving so fast the cluster should break up. We see no sign of clusters breaking up. Does extra, dark material in cluster provides gravity to bind cluster? Lensed image of object behind cluster 32 33 Dark matter To prevent galaxies and clusters of galaxies centrifuging apart we postulate the existence of dark matter. This material has gravity, but does not shine. There may be several kinds of dark matter. All of them must be totally different from the material know about already.
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The history of the universe 35 The Beginning of the Universe The Universe began 13.7 billion years ago with a
BIG BANG
All the universe, all of space, matter, energy, time started with a huge explosion from a tiny size.
36 Evidence for Big Bang Galaxies moving apart; they appear to have been all together at one point in past. Cosmic microwave background radiation left over from Big Bang; now cooled to about 3 K. 2006 Nobel prize for physics. The abundance of deuterium 37 The Evolution of the Universe 38
Dark energy accelerating the expansion of the universe 39 An accelerating phase? 40 An accelerating universe Something is causing the expansion of the Universe to accelerate. We dont know what it is, but we feel better if we give it a name dark energy. The acceleration shows in the Universe today, but was not noticeable in the earlier universe. 41 The Content of the Universe Of the mass-energy that makes up our Universe: 4% is ordinary matter (the stuff we and our world are made out of) 23% is dark matter 73% is dark energy 42 In conclusion We have had to invent dark matter to stop galaxies and clusters of galaxies from flying apart. We have had to invent dark energy to explain why the expansion of the universe is getting faster not slower. 43
The End
Questions welcome!
44 Our Galaxy the Milky Way Our Sun is one of 100 thousand million stars that make up the Milky Way. It is an average star, located two-thirds of the way out from the centre. Galaxy is disk-shaped, 100,000 light years diameter. Sun rotates round centre of galaxy at ~ 200 km/s Monty Python Galaxy Song 45 Carl Sandburg USA poet, Pullitzer prize winner. 1878 1967 Remember who you are. Remember you are one of the latest products of millions of years of toil and play and regurgitation of universal forces. The rain and stars and dust of a thousand worlds that have perished have contributed to the making of you. Part of A Little Sermon, 1907. 46 Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud Kuiper Belt outer part of solar system; source of most of these objects Oort Cloud spherical cloud enveloping solar system; source of many comets. Sedna comes from Oort Cloud. 47 We are exceptional!
Live in an exceptionally dense part of the Universe Live in a chemically atypical part of the Universe We are made of matter, not antimatter we owe our existence to a ninth decimal place anomaly! We are made of baryons, particles which make up only 4% of the mass-energy of the universe.
48 Orion and Geminids 49 Orion and Geminids Meteors best seen Dec 14 th , 15 th , just as gets dark They will appear as streaks radiating out from point marked See perhaps 1 per minute
50 Geminids meteor shower Called geminids because come from constellation of Gemini, the twins. Asteroid (3200Phaethon) has trail of dust following it. When Earths orbit intersects the trail of dust we see lots of dust particles entering atmosphere and burning up shooting star.