Basic Properties, Stainless Steel,

Wrought base & Metal alloys

Dr. Jacob Abraham IGIDS
INTRODUCTION
Obtained from cast alloys
Alloy that has been worked, drawn or
shaped into a serviceable form.
Eg., Plates, Band materials, bars and wires
Up until the 1930's
the only orthodontic wires available were made of gold
Steel
an iron based alloy
Consists less than 1.2% carbon
When Chromium (12 to 30%) is added to steel , the alloy is called
as Stainless steel.
Types :- 1.Ferritic
2.Martensitic
3.Austenitic
Pure iron at room temperature
Body-centered cubic(BCC) structure
Referred to as ferrite
Stable upto 912C
Good corrosion resistance
Less strength and hardness
Little application in dentistry
Properties and
use:
Between 912C and 1394 C
Stable form of iron
Face-centered cubic structure
Most corrosion resistant type
18-8 stainless steel
Composition:
Chromium 18%
Nickel 08%
Carbon 0.08-0.15%
commonly used as Bands and wires
Type 316L
contains carbon -0.03% maximum
the type usually used for implants
Soft and highly formable
Used as orthodontic wires
Fully
annealed
Wires :
Yield strength is increased
Formability decreased
Also used as orthodontic
wires
Partially
annealed
wires:
Austenitic steel is preferred to ferritic
alloys due to
Greater ductility
Ability to undergo more cold work without
breaking
Substantial strengthening during cold working
Greater ease of welding
Ability to readily overcome sensitization
Comparative ease in forming
The 18-8 SS is resistant to corrosion if heated between 400-900C
Reason
precipitation of chromium carbide
at the grain boundaries from all the parts of the crystal
to combine with the large, slowly diffusing chromium atoms
at the periphery of the grain.
When the chromium + carbon in this manner,
Its passivating qualities are lost
Corrosion resistance of the steel is reduced
In Orthodontic wires,
Strength and hardness may increase with a
diameter
Due to amount of cold working in forming the
wire

Tensile strength: 2100 MPa
Yield strength: 1400 Mpa
Hardness: 600 KHN
Cobalt - 40%
Chromium - 20%
Nickel -15%
Molybdenum-7%
Manganese -2%
Carbon -0.15%
Boron -0.04%
Iron -15.8%
1100-1200C followed
by rapid quench
Softening
heat
treatment :
260-650 C for
predetermined hours
Hardening
heat
treatment :
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Excellent tarnish and corrosion resistance
Hardness, yield, tensile strength= SS
Discovered by
Buehler in 1960
Developed at
Naval Ordinance
Laboratory(NOL)
Also known as
nitinol
Nickel
Titanium
Copper (Improves thermal reactive properties)
Iron , Chromium (Alter phase transformation
temperature)
PROPERTIES
High temperature-Stable body centered
cubic lattice(austenitic phase)
Cold/Stress Hexagonal martensitic lattice
+ volumetric change
This behavior :- shape memory, super
elasticity
Memory effect
Establish a shape at temperature near 482C
Material cooled & formed to a second
shape
Subsequent heating through lower transition
temperature wire return to the original
shape
Super elasticity- Transition of Austenite to
Martensite by stress which results from the
change in crystal structure
Density : 6.5 g/cm3
Melting range :1240-1310C
Different crystallographic forms at different temperatures
<885C : Hexagonal close packed / lattice is stable
>885C : Rearranges to Body centered cubic form /
titanium
COMPOSITION
Titanium 89%
Molybdenum 11%
(to stabilize form & prevent its
transformation to form)

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Modulus of elasticity-70 Gpa
Yield strength-860-1200 Mpa
yield strength : modulus elastic
activations of orthodontic appliances
Corrosion resistant
Heat treatment not advised