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Protein synthesis
(Translation of mRNA)
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Abdul Salam M. Sofro, Prof. dr. Ph.D, SpKT
Date/place of birth : August 22, 1949 - Pati
Religion : Islam
Present main position:
1. Chairman, Blood Transfusion Service, Indonesian
Red Cross, Yogyakarta
2. Rector, YARSI University, Jakarta
Address :
1. Glagah UH.IV/325 Yogyakarta 55164
2. Jl. Soka Merah Blok FI/11 Harapan Baru
Regency, Kota Bekasi
Mobile phone : 08161354527 & 0811258434
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EDUCATION & TRAININGS
Gadjah Mada Univ. Faculty of Medicine 1968- 1974 (Medical Doctor,
1974)
Gadjah Mada Univ. Faculty of Medicine & research at the New South
Wales Univ. School of Biochem. (Biochemist, 1979)
Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research
(PhD, 1983)

Research Technique in Chemistry & Biochemistry, New South Wales
Univ. Australia 1977
Molecular & Cell Biology, National University of Singapore, 1986
Medical & Health Personnel Education, New South Wales University,
Australia 1988
Molecular & Cell Biology, Osaka University 1990
Molecular Haematology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford, UK.
1990
Molecular Haematology, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College,
London, UK. 1999
Lemhannas R.I. (National Resilience Institute, Republic of Indonesia)
KSA VIII 2000

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PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATION AND OTHER ACTIVITIES
1. Member of Indonesian Medical Association
2. Member of Indonesian Society of Haematology and Blood
Transfusion
3. Member of Indonesian Society of Human Genetics
4. Member of Indonesian Society of Clinical Genetics
5. Member of Indonesian Society of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology
6. Member of American Society of Human Genetics (ASHG)
7. Member of American Association for the Advancement of
Science (AAAS)
8. Member of International Society of Blood Transfusion
(ISBT)
9. Member of Human Genome Organization (HUGO)
10. Member & Chairman of Indonesian Society for Transfusion
Medicine
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WORKING EXPERIENCES/EMPLOYMENTS

1. Junior Lecturer in Biochemistry 1974 - 1979
2. Senior Lecturer in Biochemistry 1979 - 1997
3. Professor in Biochemistry 1997 - present
4. Head, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine UGM, 1987 - 1991
5. Vice Dean for Academic Affairs, Faculty of Medicine UGM, 1991-1995
6. Head Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine UGM, 1999 - 2001
7. Assistant Director, IUC-Biotechnology UGM. 1989 - 2001
8. Chairman, Blood Transfusion Service, Indonesian Red Cross Yogyakarta
Municipality, 1994 present.
9. Member, University Research Council, Health Commission, Department of
Education and Culture, 1994-2002.
10. Member, Review Panel, Integrated Competitive Research, Medical
Technology Division, National Research Council, State Minister of Research
and Technology, 1994-1998
11. Member, Expert Team, Research Development for Health Personnels,
Department of Health, 1998-present.
12. Director, Research Center for Biotechnology, Gadjah Mada University, 2001-
2003
13. Chairman, Institute for Research and Community Service, Yarsi University
Jakarta, June 2003-2005
14. Rector, YARSI University, Jakarta, 2005-present
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Teaching aims
By the end of the lecture:
students are expected to understand
the molecular mechanism of translation
or protein synthesis
students are expected to understand
the regulation of gene expression


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Core topics
Overview
Translation of mRNA
Mutation
Regulation of gene expression
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Transfer of genetic information
Replication of DNA
transmission of genetic information
from parental cell to its daughter cells
Transcription of DNA
transmission of genetic information
from DNA to RNA
Translation of RNA (polypeptide/protein
biosynthesis)
transmission of genetic information
from RNA to polypeptide/protein
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Human Genome Size
NUCLEAR GENOME
* 23 pairs of chromosomes 2
x ( 3 x 10
9
b.p) 2 meters
DNA / Cell
* 2 x ( 3 x 10
12
cells)
meters DNA in human body
8,000 x earth to moon

MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME
* circular, 16,569 bp
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One of the most
important stages in
RNA processing is
RNA splicing. In
many genes, the
DNA sequence
coding for proteins,
or "exons", may be
interrupted by
stretches of non-
coding DNA, called
"introns".
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Replication of DNA
Takes place in nucleus
Both strands act as template (35 strand)
Originated from replication fork or
replication bubble
Factors involved:
Helicase
DNA binding proteins
DNA polymerase
Primase
dNTP (dATP, dGTP, dCTP, TTP) & many
others
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Needs RNA primer
Produces :
Leading strand of new DNA
(complementary to old DNA template
with free 3-OH end)
Lagging strand of new DNA with
Okazaki fragments (complementary to
old DNA template with free 5- end

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Image Source: http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/dogma/repl.html
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a salam m sofro Image Source: http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/dogma/repl.html
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Transcription of DNA
(RNA synthesis)
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RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Sugar is ribose
RNA is a polymer of ribonucleotides.
Bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine and
uracil (instead of thymine)
Single strand
Three types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA & rRNA


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Transcription of DNA (RNA synthesis)
In chromosomes, DNA acts as a template
for the synthesis of RNA in a process
called transcription:
Only one strand of DNA act as
template (35 strand)
Originated from any point of DNA of
the gene (Polypeptide gene, tRNA gene
or rRNA gene) at the promotor site
Does not require RNA primer
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Involved:
RNA polymerase
NTP (ATP, GTP, CTP, UTP)
Termination signal
In most mammalian cells, only 1% of the
DNA sequence is copied into a functional
RNA (mRNA). Only one part of the DNA
is transcribed to produce nuclear RNA,
and only a minor portion of the nuclear
RNA survives the RNA processing steps.


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The ribosome binds to the mRNA at the
start codon (AUG) that is recognized
only by the initiator tRNA. The
ribosome proceeds to the elongation
phase of protein synthesis. During this
stage, complexes, composed of an amino
acid linked to tRNA, sequentially bind to
the appropriate codon in mRNA by
forming complementary base pairs with
the tRNA anticodon.
Translation of RNA
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The ribosome moves from codon to
codon along the mRNA. Amino acids are
added one by one, translated into
polypeptidic sequences dictated by DNA
and represented by mRNA. At the end, a
release factor binds to the stop codon,
terminating translation and releasing the
complete polypeptide from the ribosome.
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Codon
Three-letter code words ( a triplet code)
Unambiguous
Non-overlapping
Without punctuation
Universal
Can be found either in DNA (sense
strand) and mRNA
The collection of codons (64) makes up the genetic code
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Three
nonsense
codons (UAA,
UAG, UGA) do
not code for
specific amino
acid and are
utilized as
termination
signal

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A = adenine G = guanine C = cytosine
T = thymine U = uracil

DNA transfers information to mRNA in the
form of a code defined by a sequence of
nucleotides bases.
During protein synthesis, ribosomes move
along the mRNA molecule and "read" its
sequence three nucleotides at a time
(codon) from the 5' end to the 3' end.
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Each amino acid is specified by the
mRNA's codon, and then pairs with a
sequence of three complementary
nucleotides carried by a particular tRNA
(anticodon).
Since RNA is constructed from four
types of nucleotides, there are 64
possible triplet sequences or codons
(4x4x4).

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Three of these possible codons specify
the termination of the polypeptide
chain. They are called "stop codons
(nonsense codons). That leaves 61
codons to specify only 20 different
amino acids. Therefore, most of the
amino acids are represented by more
than one codon. The genetic code is
said to be degenerate.

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Amino acids specified by each codon sequence on mRNA
Ala: Alanine
Cys:
Cysteine
Asp: Aspartic
acid
Glu: Glutamic
acid
Phe:
Phenylalanine

Gly: Glycine His: Histidine
Ile:
Isoleucine
Lys: Lysine Leu: Leucine
Met:
Methionine
Asn:
Asparagine
Pro: Proline
Gln:
Glutamine
Arg: Arginine Ser: Serine
Thr:
Threonine
Val: Valine
Trp:
Tryptophane
Tyr: Tyrosisne
Graphics Gallery Index

About Biotech Index

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Protein translation takes place by the
following steps
1. Formation of the initiation complex
2. Elongation of the polypeptide chain (one
repetition of the steps a, b and c for every
amino acid incorporated into the protein being
made):
a. binding of aminoacyl-tRNA
b. peptide bond formation
c. translocation
3. Termination

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Remember !
Proteins are polypeptides made up of
individual amino acids linked together,
Carbohydrates are polysaccharides
made up of individual monosaccharides
linked together, and
Nucleic acids are polynucleotides made
up of individual nucleotides linked
together.

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Mutations
Result when changes occur in the
nucleotide sequence may not occur in
the template strand but appear after
replication
Some mutations occur by base
substitution single base changes
(point mutations):
Transitions (pryrimidine to other
pyrimidine, purine to other purine)
Transversion (pyrimidine to purine or
purine to pyrimidine)
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Single base changes in DNA sequence
followed by changes in mRNA molecules may
have one of several effects when
translated into protein:
No detectable effect silent mutation
Missense effect missense mutation
Appearance of nonsense codon that result
in premature termination of polypeptide
chain being synthesized nonsense
mutation
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Substitution of amino acids in protein
causes missense mutations (illustration on
Hemoglobin molecule):
Acceptable missense mutations
Hb Hikari: AAA or AAG (lys) to AAU or AAC
(asp)
Hb E: GAA or GAG (glu) to AAA or AAG (lys)
Partially acceptable missense mutations
Hb S: GAA or GAG (glu) to GUA or GUG (val)
Unacceptable missense mutations
Hb M: Hb (Fe
2+
) to met Hb (Fe
3+
)
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Frameshift mutations result from
deletion or insertion of nucleotides
generates altered mRNAs
May be one, two, three or multiples
nucleotides