PRESENTED BY :

Haroen rasyid

ANIMAL TISSUE
The basic unit of life is the
cell and the cells of
complex organisms are
organized into tissues.
In vertebrates, tissues are derived
from the three layers of the embryo:
the ectoderm (outer layer) gives rise to the skin
and tissues of the nervous system
the mesoderm (middle layer) gives rise to muscle,
bone, and many of the reproductive, urinary and
circulatory organs
the endoderm (inner layer) gives rise to the
lining of the digestive tract and organs derived
from it such as the lungs.
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are embryonic
tissues that give rise to all of the tissues, organs,
and organ systems in the body.

The four major types of tissues :
epithelial
connective tissue
muscle
nervous tissue
Function of Epithelial Tissue :
Protection
Absorption
Secretion
Sensory
Epithelial tissues
Structural Characteristics:
Epithelia forms boundaries
The lininng and covering of the inner ( gut ) or outher ( skin
) surface
Tightly adherent cells
One surface of the tissue is free
The other adheres to a basement membrane

The shapes of epithelial cells :
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
Types of Epithelial Tissues:
1. Simple epithelium - Cells arranged in a single
layer.
A. Simple squamous epithelium
Composed of irregular
Cells are thin
Flat cells with elongated and elliptical nuclei
Squamous cells are wider than they are tall.
Found: line lungs; line blood vessels
(endothelium).
Function: adapted for osmosis, diffusion and
secretion
Fig : Simple squamous epithelium
a nucleus of a cell forming the alveolus
wall
b nucleus of a cell forming the capillary
wall
c red blood cells inside capillary
d cell that forms the large circle of
simple squamous forming the
alveolus.

B.Simple cuboidal epithelium
Regularly shaped block-like cells with spherical nuclei.
Found: line kidney tubules; cover ovaries; glands
Function: adapted for secretion of fluid like mucus or
enzymes; absorption (microvilli increase surface area)
C. Simple columnar epithelium
Tall, elongated, column-like cells.
Columnar cells are taller than they are wide.
Found in the lining of the stomach, intestine,
gallbladder, and uterine tubes.
Function: absorption of foods (microvilli); move
sperm (cilia); secretion of mucus (goblet cells).
Fig: Simple squamous, Simple cuboid,
Simple columnar
2. Stratified epithelium- Cells arranged in
two or more layers
A.Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelia vary in thickness
depending on the number of cell layers present.
found: epidermal layer of skin; lines
mouth,esophagus, vagina and anal canal
function: wall of protection against waterloss,
abrasion infection


B. Cuboidal stratified epithelium
Several layers of cuboidal cells
C Stratified columnar epithelia
Found in the largest excretory ducts of some
glands. The parotid gland, a large salivary
gland
D. Pseudostratified epithelia




The epithelium will look stratified but it is not - hence its
name "pseudostratified".
Found in the excretory ducts of many glands.
E.Transitional Epithelia
The shape of the cells in the surface layer of a
transitional epithelium varies with the degree of
distension of the organs whose lumen is lined by this
type of epithelium.
In the 'relaxed' state of the epithelium, it seems to be
formed by many cell layers.
Found in the excretory urinary passages (the renal
calyces and pelvis, the ureter, the urinary bladder, and
part of the urethra).


Figure : Structure and function of
epithelial tissue
Connective Tissue
The major component of connective tissue
is non-cellular fibers and other proteins
(the extracellular matrix).
Connective tissue contain three kinds of
fibers :
Collagen fibers provide strength and
flexibility
Elastic fibers provide elasticity
Reticular fibers are small and branched
The main kinds of Connective tissue
in vertebrate are :
Loose Connective Tissue
Dense Connective Tissue
Adipose tissue
Cartilage
Bone
Blood Tissue

Fig : The kinds of Connective tissue in
vertebrate
Function of the connective tissue
Binding
Support
Protection
Insulation
Transport
Loose Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue contains a greater
proportion of cells and the extracellular matrix
is not as well organized.
Loose connective tissue is frequently found just
below sheets of epithelial tissue and around
blood vessels.
Fibroblasts -connective tissue cell that specializes
in the secretion of collagen and elastin.
Macrophages are cells specialized for
phagocytizing foreign materials, bacteria, and
cleaning up debris.
Figure: Loose connective tissue
Dense Connective Tissue :
Dense connective tissue contains very few cells
and a large amounts of fibers organized into
regular bundles.
Found mainly in tendons and ligaments
Tendons = muscle to muscle, or muscle to bone
connections.
Ligaments = bone to bone connections .
The collagen fibers of dense connective tissue are
more closely packed than those of loose
connective tissue.
Figure : Dense connective tissue
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue is a type of loose connective tissue
It has reduced matrix material and contains
enlarged fibroblasts (cells) that store fat
Functions : to store energy, insulate, and provide
padding, especially in the skin and around the
kidneys and heart.
Figure : Loose, Dense and Adipose
Tissue
Cartilage
There are three types of cartilage :
hyaline which is the most common
elastic which looks a lot like hyaline unless it is specially
stained for elastic fibers
fibrous which is not very common and is difficult to
identify.
Sitting in this clear matrix are lacunae (small lakes)
containing the chondrocytes or cartilage cells.
It also occurs in the human body in the ears, tip of
the nose, and at joints such as the knee and
between bones of the spinal column.
Figure :Hyaline Cartilage Tissue
a matrix of cartilage is a solid flexible gel the fibers are
invisible at normal magnification
b lacunae is a shell like space containing the chondrocyte
c cartilage cell called a chondrocyte
found: epiphyseal plate; ends of long bones and ribs; rings
of trachea; fetal skeleton function: structural and
flexible support
function: structural and flexible support
Figure : Elastic Cartilage Tissue
a lacunae with chondrocyte inside
b the black material is elastin fibers
found: framework of outer ear
function: provides elastic shape and support.
Figure : Fibrocartilage Tissue
a chondrocyte cell in lacunae
b lacunae containing two chondrocytes
c fibers in the matrix mainly collagen
found: pads between vertebrae; knee cartilage
function: withstands tension, pressure and absorbs
shock.
Bone
Bone forms when calcium salts are deposited around protein
fibers
The calcium salts provide rigidity while the fibers provide
elasticity and strength.
the lacunae (where the cells were, c)
the Haversian canal (where the blood vessels were, a )
the canaliculi (where tiny cell processes were, d )
Identify these structures and an Haversian system (osteon)
made up of the canal, lamellae (b)
Figure : Lacuna and Canaliculi








The bone matrix located between the two rows of lacunae is called a
lamella and collectively lamellae. The canaliculi located in the
lamellae contain protoplasmic processes from the osteocytes that
reside in the lacunae. These processes contact one another in the
middle of the lamella to allow for transport of nutrients and
metabolites from one osteocyte to another. This is how the nutrients
get from the Haversian canal to the outer lacunae and the
metabolites move in the opposite direction.
Blood Tissue
Blood is a connective tissue of cells separated
by a liquid (plasma) matrix. Red blood cells
(erythrocytes) carry oxygen. White blood cells
(leukocytes) function in the immune system.
Plasma transports dissolved glucose, wastes,
carbon dioxide and hormones, as well as
regulating the water balance for the blood cells.
Platelets are cell fragments that function in
blood clotting.
Figure : The blood tissue
a red blood cell (rbc)
b white blood cell (lymphocyte)
c white blood cell (neutrophil)
d white blood cell (eosinophil)
e plasma (matrix)
found: in the circulatory system
function: carries oxygen, Carbon dioxide, ions, nutrients and
wastes to and from the cells; contains cells for immune
response
.
Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue facilitates movement of the animal by contraction of
individual muscle cells (referred to as muscle fibers). Three types of
muscle fibers occur in animals (the only taxonomic kingdom to have
muscle cells):
skeletal (striated)
cardiac
smooth
Figure : skeletal (striated) muscle
1.striations
2.muscle fiber
3. Nuclei
found in the diaphragm (breathing), upper esophagus (swallowing),
tongue and pharynx (speech)

Figure : The striations of the cardiac cells
1.striations
2.nucleus
3.intercalated disk
found: the heart muscle (myocardium)
function: autorhythmic cells that contract the heart to pump the blood.
Figure : The smooth muscle cell
a The smooth muscle
cell is long and slender
b The elongated
nucleus in the center of
the cell
Figure : The smooth muscle cell
cell membran
cytoplasm
nucleus
found: viseral muscle (digestive system, respiratory
system, urinary system etc.)
function: involuntary control of the visera
Nervous tissue
Structural components of the neuron include:
a. A cell body (soma) containing the nucleus and most of the organelles
responsible for maintaining the neuron's metabolic functions.
b. Numerous short projections from the nerve cell body called dendrites.
These structures transmit information towards the nerve cell body , they
conduct input to the neuron.
c.Specialized cell junctions called chemical synapses that facilitate
communication between neurons or between neurons and muscle.