Microbiology

Introduction to Microbiology
Microbiology: The science
 The study of minute organism or microbes
 It concern with its form, structure, reproduction,
physiology, metabolism and identification
 It also includes the study of their distribution in
nature, their relationship to one another as well
to other organism, their benefits , and
detrimental effects on man, and chemical
changes they make in their environment
Defferent types of micro organism
 Bacteria
 Fungi
 Virus
 Protozoa
 Algae
 parasites
Applied areas of microbiology
 Bacteriology
 Mycology
 Phycology
 Protozoology
 Virology
Occupation of professional
microbiologist
 Medical microbiologist
 Public health microbiologist
 Immunologist
 Agricultural microbiologist
 Microbial ecologist
 Industrial microbiologist
Biological importance
 Photosynthesis
 Decomposers
 Nitrogen fixation
 Digestion
 Drugs
- antibiotic- penicillin, polymyxin,
bacitracin
- vaccine- anti-polio, hepa, BCG,
Microbes Found in Food
 Grains

 Produce

 Meats/Poultry
Microbes Found in Food (cont.)
 Fish/Shellfish

 Milk

 Other
Preventing Disease and Food Spoilage
 Canning

 Refrigeration/ Freezing

 Drying
Preventing Disease and Food Spoilage
 Irradiation

 Chemical Preservatives

 Pasteurization
Microbes as Food
 Fungi

 Algae

 Bacteria
Microbes in Food Production
 Bread
 Dairy/Cheese
 Other Fermented foods
Alcoholic Beverages — Beer
 Beer/Ales
Alcoholic Beverages — Beer
Alcoholic Beverages — Wine
 Wine

 Spirits
Industrial and Pharmaceutical
Microbiology
 Metabolic Processes

 Challenges

 Reactor Types
Useful Organic Products
 Simple
Organics

 Antibiotics

 Enzymes
Useful Organic Products (cont.)
 Amino Acids

 Other
Biologicals
Microbial Mining/Waste Disposal
 Mining

 Wastes
Detrimental effects on
humans
 Biochemical weapons
Microbial diseases

 plague or black death

 Tuberculosis ( mycobacterium )
 Anthrax (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, pulmonary )
 Pox virus ( small pox ) variola major, varicella virus
( chicken pox )
 hepatitis virus
 Dengue
 AIDS ( other STD e.g. syphyllis, herpes )
 Chicken flu
 Gastointestinal infection( salmonella, shigella, e.coli )
Pioneers in the Science of
Microbiology
Robert Koch

 1876- identification of
bacillus anthracis
 1878- differentiation of
staphylococci
 1882- identification
mycobacterium
tuberculosis
 1883- identification of
vibrio cholerae
 He develop the methods of fixing, staining
and photographing bacteria
 He develop the method of cultivating bacteria
on solid media.
Koch’s postulates
 a particular microorganism must be found in all cases of
disease and must not be present in healthy animals or
humans
 the microorganism must be isolated from the diseased
animal or human and grown in pure culture in the
laboratory.
 the same disease must be produced when microorganism
from the pure culture are inoculated into healthy
susceptible laboratory animal
 the same microorganism must be recovered from the
experimentaly infected animal and grown again in pure
culture
Exceptions to Koch’s postulates

 Koch’s postulate the growth of pathogen using culture

media but some pathogen will not grow on artificial culture
media e.g. virus, rickettsiae, treponema pallidum
 Koch’s postulate it is necessary to infect laboratory
animals with the pathogen being studied but many
pathogen infect only one specie of animal
 Certain diseases called synergistic infection are caused by
more than one microorganism or pathogen
 Some pathogen when cultured artificially becomes less
pathogenic and no longer infect animal after being
cultured.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

 First person to see

bacteria and protozoans
 Referred as father of
microbiology or
bacteriology
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

 Different organism produce

different fermentation
products e.g. glucose in
grapes produces ethyl
alcohol. Acinetobacter
convert glucose to acetic
acid producing vinegar.
 Postulated the theory of
spontaneous generation-
idea that life arise from non
living material
 Championed changes in hospital practices to
minimize the spread of disease by pathogens
 Develop vaccine to prevent chicken pox, cholera,
anthrax and swine erysipelas
 Develop vaccine that prevent rabies in dog and in
humans
 Introduced the terms aerobes and anaerobes
 Develop the process of pasteurization. 55C for
several minutes, today we use 73-75 C for 15
seconds or 63-65 C for 30 min.
 Gerard Armauer
Hansen- discovery of
mycobactrium leprae

 Albert Neisser- discovery

of neisseria gonorrhrea
 Arnold karl Klebs-
discovery of
corynebactrium diptheriae

 David Bruce- identification

of brucella melitensis
 Shiga kiyoshi- shigella
dysenteriae

 Emile Roux and

shibasabuso kitasato-
discovery of yersinia pestis
 1867- Joseph Lister-
publishes his work on
antiseptic surgery
 Karl joseph Eberth –
discovery of salmonella
typhi
 Jules Bordet and
gengou- bordetella
pertussis
 1921- alexander
Flemming discovers
penicillin
Other contribution in microbiology
 Shaudinn and Hoffman- discovery of
treponema pallidum
 Ashburn and Craig- identification of dengue
fever virus
 Flexner ad Lewis- identification of
poliomyelitis virus
 Petri- petri dish
 Pfeiffer- haemophilus influenzae
 1546- Giloramo Fracastoro suggests that
invisible organism cause disease
 1590- Jansen developed the 1st compound
microscope
 1786- Muller produce the 1st classification of
bacteria
 1798- Jenner introduced cowpox vaccine for
small pox
 1838- schwann and scleiden documented the
cell theory
 1869- Mischer discovered nucleic acid
 1933- Ruska developed electron microscope
 1937- Charlton divides organism to
eukaryotes and prokaryotes
 1983-1984- isolation and identification of HIV
by Gallo and Montagnier
Microbial classification
Prokaryota or lower protist or monera

 with primitive type of nucleus

 lacks nuclear membrane
 rudimentary nucleus with single chromosome
 no mitotic apparatus
 schizophyceae- blue green algae
 schizomycetes- bacteria, PPLO
 microtatobiota- rickettsiae, chlamydiae, virus
Eukaryotes

 with well defined nuclear membrane,

chromosomes
 exhibit mitotic cell division
 kingdom fungi
 kingdom plantae
 kingdom animalia
Diversity of
Microorganism
Algae
 Photosynthetic
 With pellicle ( thickened cell membrane)
 With stigma ( light sensing organelle )
 Not plants but more plant like than protozoa
Bacillariophyta ( diatoms )
 unicellular algae
 silicon dioxide in their cell wall
 used to make diatomaceous earth used in
abrasives and insulations
Dinoflagellates

 microscopic, flagelated, photosynthetic

 referred as fire algae
 responsible for red tide
Green algae

 spirogyra- filamentous algae and producing

long green strands
 chlamydomonas- unicellular, biflagellated with
chloroplast and stigma
 volvox- multicelluar algae, biflagellated cells
 euglena- contains chloroplast, photosynthetic
- with stigma and single flagellum
spirogyra
chlamydomonas
volvox
euglena
Rhodophyta ( red algae )
Phaeophyta ( brown algae )
Protozoa
 Most are single celled and free living in soil, and
water
 They posses pellicles, cytostomes, contractile
vacoules, pseudopodia, cilia or flagella
 Without chlorophyll
 Some are flagellates others are ciliates
 With 2 stage:
- trophozoite- feeding state, motile, dividing
- cyst- dormant survival stage
Phylum of Protozoans
Ciliophora- ciliates

 Balantidium coli- dysentery

 Paramecium
 Stentor
 Tetrahymena
 vorticella
Balantidium coli
Paramecium
Stentor
Tetrahymena
vorticella
Mastigophora- flagellates
 Trypanosoma brucei- african sleeping
sickness caused by tsetse fly
 Trypanosoma cruzi- american
trypanosomiasis ( chaga’s dse )
 Giardia lamblia- diarrheal disease
 Chlamydomonas
 trichomonas
Sarcodina( pseudopodia )

 Amoeba
 Naegleria fowleri- amoebic
meningoencephalitis
 Entamoeba histolytica- amoebic dysentery
Sporozoea

 Plasmodium
 Crytosporidium parvum- diarrheal disease
 Toxoplasma gondii
Microbial Taxonomy and
Nomenclature
 Taxonomy:
 Classification of living organisms into groups
 Phylogenetic Classification System:
 Groups reflect genetic similarity and
evolutionary relatedness
 Phenetic Classification System:
 Groups do not necessarily reflect genetic
similarity or evolutionary relatedness. Instead,
groups are based on convenient, observable
characteristics.
Levels of Classification
 Taxon:
 A group or “level” of classification
 Hierarchical; broad divisions are divided up into
smaller divisions:
 Kingdom (Not used by most bacteriologists)
 Phylum (Called “Division” by botanists)
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus (plural: Genera)
 Species (Both singular & plural)
Nomenclature
 Scientific name (Systematic Name)
Binomial System of Nomenclature
 Genus name + species name
 Italicized or underlined
 Genus name is capitalized and may be abbreviated
 Species name is never abbreviated
 A genus name may be used alone to indicate a
genus group; a species name is never used alone
 eg: Bacillus subtilis
B. subtilis
Nomenclature
 Common or descriptive names
(trivial names)
 Names for organisms that may be in common
usage, but are not taxonomic names
 eg: tubercle bacillus
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
 meningococcus
(Neiserria meningitidis)
 Group A streptococcus
(Streptococcus pyogenes)
Useful Properties in Classification
 Colony morphology
 Cell shape & arrangement
 Cell wall structure (Gram staining)
 Special cellular structures
 Biochemical characteristics