MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY

dr. ANDRIANY QANITHA

Department of Physiology
INTRODUCTION
Muscle tissue is a exitable tissue which can rise an
action potential to trigger a contraction
There are 3 types of muscle tissue: skeletal
muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle
40 % of body weight consists of skeletal muscle,
whereas 10 % consists of smooth and cardiac
muscle
SKELETAL MUSCLES
ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
STRUCTURE OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER
SARCOMERES: FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF MUSCLE
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
1. Thin filaments, 5-6 nm in diameter and 1 m in length

F actin is a twisted strand composed of two rows of 300-400
individual globular molecules of G actins. Each molecules of G
actin active site
Tropomyosin covers the active site of actin
Troponin:
T-troponin: binds to tropomyosin
C-troponin: binds to Ca
2+
I-troponin: binds to G actin

CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
2. Thick filament, 10-12 nm in diameter and
1,6 m in length
A thick filaments contains roughly 500
molecules of myosin. The tail of myosin is
bound to other myosin molecule, whereas the
head interacts with the thin filaments
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
Frolich, Human Anatomy, Mechanics
of Movement
NEURO-MUSCULAR JUNCTION
Action potential in nerves triggers chemical
release at synapse which triggers action
potential in muscle
Fig. 14.5, M&M
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS
STEPS IN CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
STEPS IN CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
STEPS IN CONTRACTION
1. Exposure of active site: Ca
2+
entering sarcoplasm bind
to troponin. The troponin then changes position, pulling
the tropomyosin molecule away from the active site
STEPS IN CONTRACTION
2. Formation of cross-bridge: when the active sites
are exposed, myosin heads binding to them
STEPS IN CONTRACTION
3. Pivoting: Using ATP as the source of energy,
myosin heads pivot the actin toward M line
STEPS IN CONTRACTION
4. Detachment of cross-bridge: The forming of new
ATP in myosin head breaks the cross bridge
STEPS IN CONTRACTION
5. Myosin reactivation: relaxation and be able for
the next contraction

SOURCE OF THE ENERGY
ATP ADP + Pi
3 ways of ATPs generation:
1. Creatine-phosphate
ADP + CP ATP + C
2. Oxidative metabolism: requires oxygen,
moderates level of activity, slow movement.
3. Glycolysis: doesnt require oxygen, higher level of
activity, 2,5 x faster than oxidative metabolism,
produces lactic acid
TYPES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Fast fiber
Slow fiber
CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
SMOOTH MUSCLE
SMOOTH MUSCLE

Subconscious control by autonomic nervous
system
Smaller than the skeletal muscle, no striae
Single nucleus
No T tubules, poor development of
sarkoplasmic reticulum, lack of myofibrils and
sarcomeres
CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION
Differs from the skeletal muscle
Ca
2+
are originated from extracellular fluid
No troponin
Calmodulin activates the enzyme myosin
light kinase contraction