Operations on fuzzy sets

Subset






Equality

Union
The union of fuzzy subsets, A and B, of the set X, is
denoted as the fuzzy subset C of X.

C = A B such that for each _eX
C(x)= Max[A(x), B(x)] = A(x)v B(x)

Let X={a, b, c, d}. Assume A and B are two fuzzy
subsets of X where A= {1/a, .7/b,.3/c,0/d} and
B={.2/a,.9/b,.4/c.1/d}. Then C={1/a,.9/b,.4/c,1/d}


The intersection of the fuzzy subsets A and B is denoted
as the fuzzy subset D of X
D = A B for each x eX
D(x) = Min [(mA(x), mB(x)] = A(x)^ B(x)

D={.2/a, .7/b, .3/c, 0/d}

Complement

Assume A is a fuzzy subset of X, the complement or negation of
A, denoted is defined as
} / 1 , / 2 . 0 , / 8 . 0 , / 7 . 0 , / 0 {
} / 0 , / 8 . 0 , / 2 . 0 , / 3 . 0 , / 1 {
e d c b a A
e d c b a A
=
=
A
If A is a fuzzy subset of X and is any non-negative
number, then is the fuzzy subset of B such that:
} / 707 . 0 , / 0 , / 548 . 0 , / 774 . 0 , / 1 {
} / 25 . 0 , / 0 , / 09 . 0 , / 36 . 0 , / 1 {
} / 5 . 0 , / 0 , / 3 . 0 , / 6 . 0 , / 1 {
2 / 1
2
e d c b a A A
e d c b a A
e d c b a A
= =
=
=
o
A
o
o
)) ( ( ) ( x x
A B
=
If the operation is called concentration and when
is called dilation.
0 > o 0 < o
A fuzzy subset of X is called normal if there exists at least one element _eX
such that
A
(_)=1.
A fuzzy subset that is not normal is called subnormal.
All crisp subsets except for the null set are normal. In fuzzy set theory, the
concept of nullness essentially generalises to subnormality.
The height of a fuzzy subset A is the large membership grade of an element in
A
height(A) = max
_
(
A
(_))

Assume A is a fuzzy subset of X; the support of A is the crisp subset of X
consisting of all elements with membership grade are:
supp(A) = {_|
A
(_) > 0 and _eX}
Assume A is a fuzzy subset of X; the core of A is the crisp subset of X
consisting of all elements with membership grade are:
core(A) = {_|
A
(_) = 1 and _eX}
Example:
Consider two fuzzy subsets of the set X,
X = {a, b, c, d, e }
referred to as A and B
A = {1/a, 0.3/b, 0.2/c 0.8/d, 0/e}
and
B = {0.6/a, 0.9/b, 0.1/c, 0.3/d, 0.2/e}
A normal fuzzy subset has a nonnull core while a subnormal fuzzy subset has
a null core.

Normal/Subnormal?
A > Normal fuzzy set (element a has unit membership)
B > Subnormal fuzzy set (no element has unit membership)

Height:
height (A) = 1


height (B) = 0.9

Bounded Sum and Bounded Difference

The bounded sum of two fuzzy sets A and B, denoted D= A B,
is defined by
D = Min [1, (A(x)+B(x))]
If A={1/a, 0.7/b, 0.3/c, 0/d} and B={.2/a, .9/b, .4/c, 1/d}, then
D={1/a, 1/b, .7/c,1/d}

The bounded difference of two fuzzy sets A and B, is defined by
Max [0, (A(x)-B(x))]

Fuzzy Relations
Fuzzy relation generalizes classical relation into one that allows
partial membership and describes a relationship that holds
between two or more objects.
Example: a fuzzy relation Friend describe the degree of
friendship between two persons
(in contrast to either being friend or not being friend in classical
relation!)

Crisp Relations
Definition of (crisp) Product set: Let A and B be two non-empty
sets, the product set or Cartesian product A X B is defined as
follows,


(a set of ordered pairs a,b)


Cartesian product of n sets



A relation can be considered as a set of tuples, where a tuple is an
ordered pair. A binary tuple is denoted as (x,y), a ternary tuple is
(x,y,z) and an example of n-ary tuple is (x
1
,x
2
,.x
n
)

FUZZY RELATIONSHIPS
Definition: A fuzzy relationship over the pair X,Y is
defined as a fuzzy subset of the Cartesian product.

Example: If A={a, b, c} and B={1, 2}, then
R={.1/(a,1),.6/(a,2), 1/(b,1),.3/(b,2), 0/(c,1),.9/(c,2)} is a
fuzzy relationship over the space A X B

More generally, if X
1
,X
2
..X
n
are collection of sets, an n-ary
fuzzy relationship is a fuzzy subset over their Cartesian
product X
1
x

X
2
x .X
n


Fuzzy Relations
Fuzzy relation:
U
1
= {New York, Paris}, U
2
= {Beijing, New York, London}
R = very far








R = {(NY, Beijing): 1, ...}
NY Paris
Beijing 1 .9
NY 0 .7
London .6 .3
Projection and Cylindrical Extension

Assume A is a fuzzy relationship on X x Y. The projection of A onto X
is a fuzzy subset A
0
of X, is defined as A
0
(x)= Max
y
[A(x,y)]

Assume X and Y are two crisp sets and let A be a fuzzy subset of X.
The cylindrical extension of A, is a fuzzy relationship on X x Y
defined as the cross product of A with Y.
Assume X= {a,b,c} and Y={1,2,3} and let A={1/a, 0.6/b, 0.3/c} then the cylindrical
extension of A to XxY is
)} 3 , /( 3 . 0 ), 2 , /( 3 . 0 ), 1 , /( 3 . 0 ), 3 , /( 6 . 0 ), 2 , /( 6 . 0 ), 1 , /( 6 . 0 ), 3 , /( 1 ), 2 , /( 1 ), 1 , /( 1 {
~
c c c b b b a a a A =
Assume X= {a,b,c} and Y={1,2,3} and let A is a relation


then projection of A into X

then projection of A into Y
)} , c /( . ), , c /( . ), , c /( . ), , b /( . ), , b /( . ), , b /( . ), , a /( . ), , a /( . ), , a (( { A 3 3 0 2 1 0 1 3 0 3 2 0 2 8 0 1 5 0 3 4 0 2 6 0 1 1 =
} c / . , b / . , a / { A oj Pr
X
3 0 8 0 1 =
} / . , / . , / { A oj Pr
Y
3 4 0 2 8 0 1 1 =



Fuzzy Composition

The combination of fuzzy sets and fuzzy relation with the aid of
cylindrical extension and projection is called composition. It is
denoted by o
Definition: Let A be a fuzzy set defined on X and R be a relation
defined on X x Y. Then the composition of A and R resulting in a
fuzzy set B defined on Y is given by


or, if intersection is performed with the minimum operation and
projection with maximum,


This is called max-min composition.
If intersection is performed with product and projection with maximum,
then we get max-product composition.
Y on R A ce proj R A B ) ) ( ( = =
)) , ( ), ( min( max ) ( y x x y
R A
x
B
=

Example:
Consider the relation on the domain of height
{170, 172.5, 175, 177.5, 180, 182.5, 185} described by the
linguistically expressed relation
R: Agnes is somewhat taller than Jane
170 172.5 175 177.5 180 182.5 185
170 .4 .1 0 0 0 0 0
172.5 .7 .4 .1 0 0 0 0
175 1 .7 .4 .1 0 0 0
177.5 .7 1 .7 .4 .1 0 0
180 .4 .7 1 .7 .4 .1 0
182.5 .1 .4 .7 1 .7 .4 .1
185 0 .1 .4 .7 1 .7 .4
Consider the fact that Agnes is rather taller
A={0/170, .1/172.5, .4/175, .7/177.5, .9/180, 1/182.5, 1/185}



Ce(A)
170 172.5 175 177.5 180 182.5 185
170
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
172.5
.1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1
175
.4
177.5
.7
180
.9
182.5
1
185
1