CHEE 340

Tutorial 1
Anatomy
Anatomical Directions
Relative Directions: ______________ and ________________
1
Superior
Posterior/Dorsal
Inferior/Candal
Medial
Lateral
Anterior/Ventral
Proximal
Distal
Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
2
Saggital/Median
Frontal/Coronal Transverse/Horizontal
Cell Theory



Cells are mostly composed of __________________________and
__________________________

Cells synthesis molecules that are fundamental for sustaining life namely:

Anatomy
Cell
3
- All organisms are comprised of one or more cells
- The cell is the smallest unit of life
- All cells come from previously existing cells
organic compounds
water
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
Anatomy
Eukaryotic Cell
4
Plasma membrane__ surrounds the cell



Functions of the plasma membrane include:
-Cell movement
-Protection of organelles
-Transport regulation

The plasma membrane is made up of phospholipids which are
amphipathic (polar head and non-polar tail) and combine head-to-
tail to form the phospholipid bilayer .
Anatomy
Plasma Membrane
5
Molecule transport through the cell membrane occurs via:
-diffusion
-active transport vesicles large molecules
-active transport ion channels

The cell membrane allows the cell to maintain both an ion and an
molecule balance between itself and the extracellular fluid.

A typical cell environment has a high concentration of k+ ions
inside the cell and a high concentration of na+ and cl- ions in the
extracellular fluid.

Since ions are charged, they need to be transported across the
membrane using ion channels (This transport mechanism called
active transport).
Anatomy
Cell Transport
6
The four primary types of tissue are:
-epithelial
-connective
-muscle
-nervous

Epithelial tissue
Cell shapes - squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified
Simple vs. Stratified

Functions of the epithelial tissue include: absorption,secretion,
transport, protection and sensory receptors.
Anatomy
Tissue
7
Connective tissues are acellular.

Connective tissues are primarily composed of the _________
_________.


Connective tissues encompass
Blood
Bone, cartilage,
Tendon, ligament

The connective tissue that connects muscles to bone is called a
tendon, while the tissue that connects bone to bone is called a
ligament.
Anatomy
Tissue
8
Muscle cells respond to electrical stimuli.

The three types of muscle tissue found in the human body are
skeletal, cardiac and smooth.

Nerves are conduits that serve to transmit signals to other parts of
the body.

Nervous tissue is composed of neurons and glial cells. Neurons
transmit electrical impulses, while Glial cellssupport, protect and
nourish the neurons .

The two major types of nervous tissue are motor and sensory.
Anatomy
Tissue
9
Pulmonary vs. Systemic







Vessels that move blood AWAY from the heart are called
arteries.

Vessels that move blood TO the heart are called veins.

Physiology
Cardiovascular System
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RIGHT SIDE
Pulmonary circulation
To LUNGS from BODY
Smaller ventricles, shorter path
LEFT SIDE
Systemic circulation
To BODY from LUNGS
Physiology
Cardiovascular System
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Depolarization of cells due to a self-generating electrical pulse in the
sinoatrial node (SA node) leads to a contraction of the atria

Repolarization restores normal membrane potential

Action potential continues to atrioventricular node (AV node),
which slows the pulse before being propagated to the conduction
conduit (Bundle of His)

Action potential distributed across surface of ventricles (Purkinjie
fibers) - simultaneous contraction of both ventricles, forcing blood
from ventricles to arteries

Wavefront can be measured from start to finish by ECG
12
Physiology
Action Potentials and Heartbeat
P wave: atrial excitation

Q R S wave: atrial systole, atrial diastole, ventricular excitation

T wave:ventricular systole, u is diastole
13
Physiology
ECG Waves
Pressure increased to ~180mm Hg over
brachial artery

Pressure released @ 2 mm Hg/sec

Note pressure at which 1st sound heard
(systolic press.)

Note pressure at which sound disappears
(diastolic press.)

Normal: 120/80
Acceptable: <140/<85
Borderline: 140-160/85-95
High: >160/>95
14
Physiology
Measurement of Blood Pressure
The functions of the skeletal system are protection and support,
help with movement, mineral storage, produces red blood cell
marrow.

An average adult skeletal system consists of 206bones.

Bones are specialized connective tissue (mineralized).

Bones are classified into four categories based on their shape
namely:long, short, flat, irregular shaped.

The two types of bone found in the human body arecompact and
spongy.
15
Physiology
Skeletal System
Cortical/ Compact Bone vs. Spongy/ Cancellous/ Trabeular Bone
16
Physiology
Skeletal System
Cortical
Forms the shaft and hard
outer covering
Has minimum gaps or
spaces
Gives smooth, white, and
solid appearance
Ten times less surface area
than spongy bone
80% of the total bone mass
of an adult skeleton


Spongy
Ends of long bones and the
interior filling
Made of a network of flat
or needle-shaped
trabeculae
Makes the overall bone
lighter and allows room for
blood vessels and marrow
20% of total bone mass of
an adult skeleton

The cells that are involved in bone remodeling are osteoclasts and
osteoblasts.

osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation.

osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption.

An imbalance in the remodelling cycle leads to osteoporosis.

The two types of bones found in the human body compact, and
spongy.
17
Physiology
Bone Remodeling
The three major joints through which bones are connected are
fibrous, cartiliginous, and synovial.

The six types of synovial joints are:
- ball and socket
- hinge
- gliding
-saddle
-ellipsoid
-pivot
18
Physiology
Joints