1 | Presentation title, date

WPP PROTECTION


2 | Presentation title, date
Contents
Protection- What it means

Equipments in WPP

Types of Protection

Relay Technology






3 | Presentation title, date
Protection
Protect power system equipments from damage from
faults and system disturbances by isolating them

Careful planning

Good design philosophy

Redundant protection (Reliability)





4 | Presentation title, date
Equipments in WPP
Transmission
Line
Main
Transformer
Feeder
Capacitor
Banks
WTG & WTG
Transformer
33 kV, 2500 A, 31,5 kA, 1 s
TF
132/33 kV
63/100 MVA
ONAN/ONAF
YNd11
Uk = 16.7%
(ONAF)
PCC
G
WTG 1
G
WTG 2
G
WTG 3
G
WTG 4
G
WTG 5
G
WTG 6
630 A 630 A
132 kV
132 kV
Overhead
Transmission Line
33 kV
C
2
3
C

5
0
0
m
m
2
5
0
0
m
C
3
3
C

2
4
0
m
m
2
5
0
0
m
C
4
3
C

2
4
0
m
m
2
4
0
0
m
C
5
3
C

1
2
0
m
m
2
4
0
0
m
C
6
3
C

1
2
0
m
m
2
4
0
0
m
F
E
E
D
E
R
3
C

5
0
0
m
m
2
2
5
0
0
m
SVS
x MVAr
-y MVAr
1000 A, 3 s
WPP_HV
WPP_MV
5 | Presentation title, date
Line Protection Distance Protection
ANSI standard device number: 21/21N
Principle of Operation:
-Division of voltage at relaying point by current
(Apparent Impedance)
-Compared with reach point impedance
Apparent Impedance < Reach Point Impedance = Fault

Apparent
Impedance
Reach Point
Impedance
A
B
6 | Presentation title, date
Distance Protection RX Diagram
7 | Presentation title, date
Zonal Protection
Typically 3 zones but some relays offer up to 5 zones




Zone Coverage
(%)
Time
Delay (s)
1 80-85 0
2 110 0.5
3 170 3
R 30 3
8 | Presentation title, date
Line Protection Line Differential
ANSI standard device number: 87L
Principle of Operation:
-Comparing currents flowing into the line to the
currents flowing out of the same line
A
B
F1
F2
9 | Presentation title, date
Current Comparison
Differentiates between internal fault (F1) and
external fault (F2)
Trip for F1 but not for F2
Internal Fault External Fault
10 | Presentation title, date
Tripping Characteristic
Operating criteria:
Where k is a constant
11 | Presentation title, date
Transformer Protection
ANSI standard device number: 87T
Principle of Operation:
-Intake 2 sets of currents, computes differential and bias
current for differential tripping
-Somehat similar to Line Differential Protection
Id>



I1 I2
I1 I2
Transformer
CT1 CT2 i1 i2
2 1 I I Id


2
2 1 I I
Ib

Differential Current:
Biased Current:
12 | Presentation title, date
Restricted Earth Fault Protection
ANSI standard device number: 87N
Principle of Operation:
-Intake phase currents and neutral currents, computes
differential and bias current for differential tripping
-Similar to 87T Protection

3 2 1 1 L L L E
I I I I


E E
I I Id
2 1


Differential Current:
Biased Current:
) (
2 1 E E
I I MAX Ib


13 | Presentation title, date
Tripping Characteristic
14 | Presentation title, date
Overcurrent Protection
ANSI standard device number: 50,50N/51,51N
Principle of Operation:
-Comparing measured current with the preset
threshold current
Coordination is important as purpose is to isolate
only faulty section and leave rest of system
undisturbed
Above is achieved by either time, overcurrent or
both



15 | Presentation title, date
Discrimination by Time
Sometimes referred as Independent Definite-Time
Delay Relay

Disadvantage: More severe faults cleared in
longest operating time

16 | Presentation title, date
Discrimination by Current
Fault current varies with position of fault due to
differences in impedance values between source
and fault

Disadvantage: Appreciable impedance must be
present between two CB

17 | Presentation title, date
Discrimination by Time and Current
Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay Characteristic:-
-time is inversely proportional to current
18 | Presentation title, date
Relay Characteristics- IEEE vs IEC
19 | Presentation title, date
Relay Characteristics- IEEE vs IEC
20 | Presentation title, date
IDMT and Instantaneous Element
Caution when using 50 element may trip for fault
beyond protected section
Initial current due to dc offset
in current wave maybe
higher than the pick-up value
21 | Presentation title, date
Other Protections
Under/Over voltage protection (27/59)
Under/Over frequency protection (81U/O)
-Both protection have threshold level and time delay
-Commonly used during abnormal system condition
(i.e. Load Shedding Scheme, Anti-Island Protection)

Bus Differential Protection

22 | Presentation title, date
EM relays vs Microprocessor based
Bulky
One relay for each phase
Takes up panel space
Extra wiring
Front Panel Settings
One relay for per
protection function

23 | Presentation title, date
EM relays vs Microprocessor based
Compact Design
One relay for all phases
Programmable Logic
Reduced Wiring
Front Panel
Settings/Software based
and upload to relay

24 | Presentation title, date
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Copyright Notice
The documents are created by Vestas Wind Systems A/S and contain copyrighted material, trademarks, and other proprietary information. All rights reserved. No part of the documents may be reproduced or copied
in any form or by any meanssuch as graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems without the prior written permission of Vestas Wind Systems
A/S. The use of these documents by you, or anyone else authorized by you, is prohibited unless specifically permitted by Vest as Wind Systems A/S. You may not alter or remove any trademark, copyright or other
notice from the documents. The documents are provided as is and Vestas Wind Systems A/S shall not have any responsibility or liability whatsoever for the results of use of the documents by you.
Vestas wishes to acknowledge and respect all copyrights in connection with the illustrations used in this presentation. In case we have unintentionally violated copyrighted material, we want to be informed
immediately in order to straighten things out and thus to honour any obligatory fees.