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TRIGONOMETRIC

IDENTITIES
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
DEFINITION: A trigonometric identity is an
equation involving the trigonometric functions
that holds for all values of the variable.
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Reciprocal Identities
u
u
cos
1
sec =
u
u
tan
1
cot =
u
u
sin
1
csc = 1 cos sin
2 2
= + u
u u
2 2
sec 1 tan = +
u u
2 2
csc 1 cot = +
Pythagorean Identities

u
u
sec
1
cos =
u
u
csc
1
sin =
u
u
cot
1
tan =
u
u
u
cos
sin
tan =
u
u
u
sin
cos
cot =
( ) u u sin sin =
Negative Argument Identities

( ) u u cos cos =
( ) u u tan tan =
Quotient or Ratio Identities
There is no set procedure to prove identities. However,
there are several strategies to use when proving
identities.
1. Know the fundamental identities and look for ways
to apply them.
2. Write all expressions in terms of sine and cosine.
3. If you choose to work with only one side of an
identity, continuously refer back to the other side
to see what you are trying to obtain.
4. When one side contains only one trigonometric
function, attempt to rewrite all the functions on
the other side in terms of that function. It is usually
easier to start with the more complicated side.
5. Use Pythagorean identities to substitute for the
expression equal to 1.
6. Perform algebraic operations.
a) Factoring.
b) Simplifying complex rational expressions.
c) Finding the LCD and combining fractions.
d) Combining like terms.
e) Multiplying both the numerator and denominator by
the same expression to obtain an equivalent fraction.
f) Replacing a binomial with a monomial.
Note: Proving an identity is not the same as solving an
equation. This means you cant perform operations such
as adding the same expression to both sides or dividing
both sides by the same expression. These operations apply
only to an equation where the statement is known to be
true; an identity must be proven to be true.
EXAMPLE:
Prove the following identities.
u u u sin tan cos . a =
u u u u sin csc cos cot . b =
u u
u
cos
1
sin - 1
cos
. c
2
=
| |
| |
| |
tan sin
csc cot
tan sin
. d =
+
+
u u
u
u
u
cos
2
sin 1
cos
sin 1
cos
. e =

+
+
u
u
u u
u u
3 2 2
sin
cos
tan sin
sec sin
. i =

( ) ( )( )
2
2
2
1 cos tan tan sin . g = | | | |
u
u
u
u
u
csc 2
sin
cos 1
cos 1
sin
. j =
+
+
+
u
u
u
u
cos
sin 1
sin - 1
cos
. k
+
=
1 sec
tan
cos
cos 1
. l
2

=
+
u
u
u
u
| | | |
2 2 4 4
cos sin cos sin . f =
( ) u u u u u
2
2
sin 2 tan tan cos sin . h + = +
Sum and Difference Identities
( )
B tan A tan 1
B tan A tan
B A tan

+
= +
( ) B sin A cos B cos A sin B A sin + = +
( ) B sin A cos B cos A sin B A sin =
( ) B sin A sin B cos A cos B A cos = +
( ) B sin A sin B cos A cos B A cos + =
( )
B tan A tan 1
B tan A tan
B A tan
+

=
EXAMPLE:
0
105 cos a)
I. Use sum or difference identities to find the exact
value of the given function.
0
15 sin b)
0
375 tan c)
II. Given that , , , and
5
3
A sin =
5
12
B tan =
2
A 0
t
< <
2
3
B
t
t < < , find the following:
( ) B - A tan c) ( ) B - A cos b) ( ) B A sin a)
( ) . lies B - A
of side terminal the which in quadrant the d)
0 0 0 0
25 sin 80 cos 25 cos 80 sin a) +
III. Write each expression in terms of a trigonometric
function of one angle.
( ) ( ) | o | o | o sin sin 2 cos - cos a) = +
o o o o 3 sin sin 3 cos cos b) +
4
tan
4
3
tan - 1
4
tan
4
3
tan
c)
t t
t t
+
IV. Prove each identity.
( ) | | cos 270 sin b)
0
= +
( ) | | tan 360 tan c)
0
=
Double - Angle Identities
A tan 1
A tan 2
2A tan
2

=
A cos A sin 2 2A sin =
A sin A cos 2A cos
2 2
=
1 A cos 2 2A cos
2
=
A sin 2 1 2A cos
2
=
I. Write each expression in terms of a trigonometric
function of one angle.
EXAMPLE:
0 0
35 cos 35 sin 2 a)
0 2
40 2sin - 1 b)
0 2
0
5 . 22 tan 1
5 . 22 tan 2
c)

o o o 2 cos find , 90 0 and


5
3
sin If a)
0 0
< < =
II. Use double-angle identities to find the exact value of
the given function.
|
|
|
2
2
sec
tan - 1
2 cos a) =
u u u 2 sin find , 180 0 9 and
3
4
tan If b)
0 0
< < =
| | | 2 tan find , 360 0 27 and
13
5
cos If c)
0 0
< < =
III. Prove each identity.
u u
u u u u
u cos sin
sin 2 cos cos 2 sin
cos
1
b)

=
| | |
4 4
sin cos 2 cos c) =
u u
u u
u
tan cot
tan cot
2 sec d)

+
=
Half - Angle Identities
2
A cos 1
2
A
sin

=
I. Use half-angle identities to find the exact values of
the following.
EXAMPLE:
2
A cos 1
2
A
cos
+
=
1 A cos ,
A cos 1
A cos 1
2
A
tan =
+

=
0 A sin ,
A sin
A cos 1
2
A
tan =

=
1 A cos ,
A cos 1
A sin
2
A
tan =
+
=
0
105 tan ) a
0
22.5 sin ) b
8
7
cos ) c
t
12
sin ) d
t
. II quadrant in lies and 2 tan if
2
tan a) u u
u
=
. III quadrant in lies and
13
12
sin if
2
cos b) u u
u
=
. III quadrant in lies and
13
12
cos2 if
2
cos c) u u
u
=
II. Find the exact value of each trigonometric function.
Assume .
0 0
360 0 < <u
Product / Sum Identities
( ) ( ) B A cos B A cos B cos A cos 2 + + =
( ) ( ) B A cos B A cos B sin A sin 2 + =
( ) ( ) B A sin B A sin B cos A sin 2 + + =
( ) ( ) B A sin B A sin B sin A cos 2 + =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
= -
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
= + -
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
= -
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
= + -
= + =
2
Z W
sin
2
Z W
cos 2 Z sin W sin
2
Z W
cos
2
Z W
sin 2 Z sin W sin
2
Z W
sin
2
Z W
sin 2 Z cos W cos
2
Z W
cos
2
Z W
cos 2 Z cos W cos
B A Z and B A W Let
EXAMPLE:
I. Express each product as a sum or difference.
0 0
20 cos 50 sin 2 ) a
0 0
10 cos 40 cos 2 ) a
II. Express each sum or difference as a product.
0 0
10 cos 70 cos ) a +
8x cos - 4x cos ) b
4x cos 12x cos ) c +
6x sin - 10x sin ) b
III. Express each sum or difference as a product.
| |
| |
|
8 sin - 2 sin
2 cos - 8 cos
5 tan ) a =
o o
o o
o
3 sin - 5 sin
3 cos 5 cos
cot ) b
+
=

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