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\
|
+
+
+
out
out
out
P out
v
LC dt
dv
v
C
a
C
G a
dt
v d
P
P
s
s
s out
G a f or
a
G a
A
A
t A v
>
=
=
1
3
1
0
,
3
2
: as found be can amplitude n oscillatio
state steady the ), sin( If
7
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
VCO-Based Q-Tuning
L
C
A a
Q
s
filter slave
2
3
3
4
: regime signal small in operating
filter, slaved For the
~
in
G
Slave Filter
in
v
L
L
R
C
coupling
C
Amplitude
Control
Loop
L
L
R
C
L
L
R
C
Master VCO
neg
G neg
G
neg
G
8
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
VCO-Based Q-Tuning
Experimental results
15mA : Current
1.8V : Supply
0.144mm : Area
m 0.35 TSMC
2
=
tank
bias
) (
: amplitude n Oscillatio
ref
A
env
V
) cos( ) ( ) (
0
t t A t V
o
e =
C
V
dd
V
Int
st
1
) (
detector
Envelop
env
t
bias
I
tank
G
neg
G
12
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
How can we stabilize the LCF loop?
Use a local feedback loop (F)
Int
s ENV s
Int
REF
Int
s
A
s
A
F s
s A
A
s A
t
o t o
t
t
o
2 2
1
) (
2
) (
2
+
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
)
ref
A
env
V
cos( ) ( ) (
0
t t A t V
o
e =
F
detector
Envelop
Int
st
1
VCO
C
V
3 . 1 : VCO LC typical a For
2
: t requiremen Stability
~
= >
critical
ENV s
critical
F
A
F F
t o
13
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
Transient Behavior of the Proposed LCF
Step Response
Trade-off between power and settling
time
( ) 0 ) (
2
1
02
1
= +
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A t A
C
G
A
A
A
A
dt
d
loop
m
Int
o
t
Detector
Envelope
1 m
G
) (t v
env
ref
v
e
v c
v
loop
C
2
1
m
G
L
C neg
G
loss
R
VCO
1
2
m
m
G
G
F =
14
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
Loss-Control Feedback: Implementation
ENV
C
( )
ref out
A V or
( )
ref env
V V or
1 ME 2 ME
3 ME 4 ME
bias
I
( )
+ + ref out
A V or
dd
V
dd
V
L
L
4 M
3 M
Mtail
detector
Envelop
detector
Envelop
ref
A
C
V
loop
C
1 m
G
2 m
G
out
V
+ out
V
C C
f
V
env
V
ref
V
LPF
1
2
m
m
G
G
F =
8mA : Current
2.8V : Supply
0.046mm : Area
m 0.35 TSMC
2
Experimental results
15
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
Loss-Control Feedback: Experimental Results
2 = F
F=0
Unstable
F=2
Stable
Phase noise
16
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
Loss-Control Feedback: Experimental Results
40
30
-35
-33
-31
-29
-27
-25
-23
1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Bias voltage of the VCO tail current source [V]
O
s
c
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
[
d
B
m
]
-120
-115
-110
-105
-100
-95
P
h
a
s
e
n
o
i
s
e
@
1
M
H
z
[
d
B
c
/
H
z
]
- 40
- 42
- 44
- 46
- 48
- 50
H
D
3
[
d
B
]
Measured oscillation amplitude ()
Phase noise ()
HD3 ()
Stability over the amplitude tuning range
4- F. Bahmani, E. Sanchez-Sinencio,A stable loss-control feedback Loop for amplitude
regulation of LC Oscillators IEEE Transactions on Circuit and Systems I, 2006.
17
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
A New Q-Tuning Scheme: Why?
To tune the quality factor of an LC filter
VCO-based approach is the best choice
Needs perfect match between the LC filter and LC VCO
Needs a stable amplitude control loop for VCO
The tuning range of Q depends on the VCO amplitude and
nonlinearities of the G
neg
:
L
C
A a
Q
s
filter slave
2
3
3
4
~
=
|
| 2
0
) (
1
T q q P
V V G L
C
Q
=
|
Basics of 2
nd
order LC filter
2
0
0
2
0
0
) (
) (
) (
e
e
e
+ +
=
s
Q
s
s
Q
A
s V
s V
s H
in
o
20
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
LC Filters Q-Tuning
0
0
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
e
e
e e
L
L
Q
Q
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
~
) 1 (
2
) (
0
j
A
j H
L
+ = e
0 0
A ) H(j =
2 / A ) H(j ) H(j
0 H L
= =
L
BW 3dB -
Basics idea:
Two amplitude locked loop: one at
0
and the
other one at
L
.
21
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
LC Filters Q-Tuning
f
V
q
V g
m
V
0 f
V
t cos V
0 0
e
t cos V A
0 0 0
e
LPF
d
A / 1
LPF
d
A
V A
2
2
0 0
t V A
0
2 2
0 0
cos e
Tuning Amplitude
1 Loop
}
2
2
0
V
a
error
(
+ t 2 sin
2
1
t cos
L L
2
e e
2
t cos V
L L
e
( ) t sin t cos
A
L L
0
e e +
L
V
f
V
q
V g
m
V
0 f
V
0
2
A
2
L
V
LPF
d
A / 2
LPF
FB
d
L
A
V A
2
2
0
Tuning - Q
2 Loop
}
2
2
L
V
q
error
Loop Tuning Amplitude Loop Tuning Factor Quality
Proposed Scheme
22
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
LC Filters Q-Tuning
Stability analysis via phase portrait
technique
)
2
1 (
)
2
1 ( ) 1
1
1
4
(
0
0
2 2
u A
v
K v
u A
v
K
K
u LQ
C
u A
v
K u
d
d L m
q
d
d
L
=
+
=
|
|
( ) ) (
2
1 1
: point m Equilibriu
0 0
0
T q q P
m
d
T gm
d
P
q
T q
V V G
A
V V
L
C
Q
G V V
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
|
23
Courtesy of Faramarz Bahmani
LC Filters Q-Tuning: Implementation
5mA : Current
1.3V : Supply
0.073mm : Area
m 0.35 TSMC
2