RANGES FROM 3 kVa to 500 MVA GENERALLY OF 2 TYPES : A B C a b c According to the IEEE standard : High side Leads low side by 30
For Simplified Connection . TRANSFORMER MUST BE PROTECTED AGAINST INTERNAL FAULTS THROUGH FAULTS The Reasons For internal faults :
insulation failure which creates a short circuit path between phases or grounded causing heavy fault current flowing can serious damage to the winding and even burn the core itself .
What is the action ? Transformer must be immediately switched out of service
WHAT IS THROUGH FAULT ? 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus How the protection are applied in Through Fault ?
132 kV Bus CLEARED BY THE PROTECTIVE SCHEME IN THE FEEDER PROTECTION If the fault is failed to clear by the feeder protection Then what happen ? 132 kV Bus Heavy fault current in the secondary winding 132 kV Bus Heavy fault current flows through the primary corresponds to secondary winding THREE PHASE FAULT THE PHASE FAULT TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c TWOPHASE FAULT A B C a b c In addition to that the load current of Phase A is still supplying PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c PHASE TO GROUND FAULT A B C a b c This causes ,
Thermal & Mechanical Damages
Thermal damages due to the high temperature resulting from high over current
Mechanical damages causes by physical movement of the winding
Both cause rapid deterioration or breakdown of the insulation . 2000 1000 500
200 100 50
20 10 5
2 1 0.5
0.2 0.1 1 2 5 10 50
TRANSFORMER THROUGH FAULT PROTECTION CURVE T I M E
I N
S E C O N D
MULTIPLES OF BASE CURRENT How can we prevent it ? 132 kV Bus 2000 1000 500
200 100 50
20 10 5
2 1 0.5
0.2 0.1 1 2 5 10 50
T I M E
I N
S E C O N D
MULTIPLES OF BASE CURRENT TRANSFORMER DAMAGE CURVE DOWNSTREAM FEEDER PROTECTION What is the backup Protection if the feeder Protection fail ? 132 kV Bus 132 kV Bus 51 132 kV Bus 51 132 kV Bus FUSE HOW CAN WE CO-ORDINATE THE O/C RELAY OR FUSE 2000 1000 500
200 100 50
20 10 5
2 1 0.5
0.2 0.1 1 2 5 10 50
T I M E
I N
S E C O N D
MULTIPLES OF BASE CURRENT TRANSFORMER DAMAGE CURVE DOWNSTREAM FEEDER PROTECTION HV FUSE
RECLOSER FUSE X-FOR.DAMAGE 51 51 N 51 51 G So the relay will not operate X I1 I2 i1 i2 TC i1 i2 Differential Protection i1 i2 Diff. Relay CT1 CT2 X protected Equipment CT1 and CT2 same transformation ratio Current i1 and i2 are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. So, the net current in the differential coil is zero at load condition (without fault),
Differential Protection X I1 I2 i1 i2 TC i1 i2 i1 i2 Diff. Relay CT1 CT2 External Fault happens , I1 and I2 i1 and i2 But i1 = i2 Current in TC= 0 The Relay will not operate X I1 I2 i1 i2 TC i1 i2 i1 i2 Diff. Relay CT1 CT2 Differential Protection INTERNAL FAULT HAPPES Current in TC= i1+i2 Which Is very High TRIPS THE DIFFERENTIAL REALY Biased differential relay
X I1 I2 i1 i2 Op i1 i2 i1 i2 Biased Diff. Relay CT1 CT2 Res. Res. Large external fault cause false operation To make more stable Two Restraining ( Biasing ) coil One Operating coil is introduced What is the function of two Restraining ( Biasing ) Coils ? Restraining coils will oppose the operation of operating coil The relay will operate only when the operating force > the restraining force 50% 40% 25% 10% Variable Restraint(%) Operate Current (I op) Restraint Current (IR) TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 87T
MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT .
PHASE SHIFT IN WYE-DELTA TRANFOMERS
C.T CONNECTIONS (PHASENG)
EFFECT OF TRANSFORMER TAPS FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED : SOURCE INRUSH LOAD 6 TO 10 TIMES OF FULL LOAD CURRENT MAGNETIZING INRUSH CURRENT . High in Second Harmonics INRUSH CURRENT VOLTAGE Remedy Harmonic restraint was added to make the transformer differential relay less likely to operate on transformer inrush current. 87 PHASE SHIFT IN DELTA -WYE TRANFOMERS COMPENSATE BY CAREFUL CONNECTION OF THE SECONDARIES OF CTS PHASING A B C a b c OP OP OP R R R R R R DIFFERENTIAL RELAY DELTA-DELTA CONNECTION WYE- CONNECTION IN CTS SECONDERIES CT SECONDERIES are connected to the respective phases Restrained coils A B C a b c OP OP OP R R R R R R DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
WYE WYE CONNECTION CT SECONDARIES ARE CONNECTED IN DELTA-DELTA WHY ? IF WYE-WYE CONNECTED THEN ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT MAY FLOW THROUGH GROUND AND CAUSE UNWANTED TRIPPING FOR THROUGH FAULT (EXTENAL FAULT) A B C a b c 132 kV 33 kV 50MVA
Correction of 30 degree phase Shift
OP OP OP R R R R R R DIFFERENTIAL RELAY A A A B B B C C C I A - I B
I A - I B
I A
I A
I B - I C
I B
I B
I C - I A
I C - I A
I C
I C
PRIMARY SIDE CT CONNECTION I A
I B
I C
I A - I B
I B - I C
A B C A B C I B - I C
I C
-
I A
I C - I A
I B
-
I C
I A - I B
I C - I A
I a I a SECONDARY SIDE CT CONNECTION Ia Ib Ic Ia Ib Ic Ia Ic Ic-Ia
Ib-Ic
Ia-Ib
I a I a OP OP OP R R R R R R Ia Ib Ic Ia Ib Ic Ia Ic Ic-Ia
Ib-Ic
Ia-Ib
I A
I B
I C
I A - I B
I B - I C
A B C A B C I C
-
I A
I C - I A
I B
-
I C
A B C a b c 132 kV 33 kV 50MVA C.T RATIO SELECTED SO THAT PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CURRENTS MATCH AT RELAY
OP OP OP R R R R R R DIFFERENTIAL RELAY I A - I B
I B - I C
Ia -Ib Ib -Ic I C - I A
I C - Ia
A B C a b c 132 kV 33 kV 50MVA OP OP OP R R R R R R LOAD ZERO If INTERNAL GROUND FAULT AT PHASE C If If If INCREASED FAULT CURRENT AT PRIMARY PHASE B & C I=0 I=0 I=0 NO BACK FEED BECAUSE OF RADIAL FEEDER RELAY @ B & C WILL OPERATE A B C a b c 132 kV 33 kV 50MVA OP OP OP R R R R R R FOR OTHER EXTERNAL FAULT CURRENT BALANCE ON BOTH SIDE OF THE RELAY SO THE RELAY WILL NOT OPERATE TRANSFORMER OVER-ALL PROTECTION TYPICAL ARRANGMENT OF X-FOMER PROTECTION FOR 10 MVA OR ABOVE BOTH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CKT BRK. TRIPPED BY ANY INTERNAL FAULT RELAY 49 THARMAL REALY RELAY 63 BUCHHOLZ RELAY DIFFERENTAL PROTECTION IS FOR OR GRND. FAULT- I RY & II RY BRK.OF X-FOR. BACK UP OC GRND. RELAY FOR PRI. CKT. BKR.52P AND BACK OF GRND. FAULT II RY BUS & FEEDERS Grounded Neutral of tr. Sec. OC GRND. RELAY FOR PRI. CKT. BKR.52S A OC GRND. ARE CONNNTED TO IRY & IIRY CKT. FOR BACKUP PROTE. BUS & FEEDERS BACK-UP GRND. PROTECTION FOR IRY CKT. THARMAL REALY DETECTS OVER HEATING OF THE OIL CAUSESE : 1) CONTINIOUS OVER LOAD 2) INTERNAL FAULT IN THE WINDING. AND SO O.
IT ANNOUCES ALARM TO THE CONTROL ROOM OR START THE FORCE COOLING SYSTEM OF THE TRANSFORMER VERY SENSITIVE OPERATES BEFORE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY