DAIMSR

PRESENTATION
ON

METHODS OF
COLLECTION OF
 PRESENTED BY,

 NITESH GIRI
 POOJA JICHKAR
 POOJA MEHTA
 NIKHIL QAZI
 PARUL MARTIN
 PARAG RAUT
 CONTENTS :-
 COLLECTION OF DATA

 SOURCES OF DATA
- PRIMARY SOURCES
- SECONDARY SOURCES
 METHOD OF COLLECTION OF DATA

a) PRIMARY METHOD
- INTERVIEWS
- QUESTIONNAIRE

b) SECONDARY METHOD

 USE OF COMPUTER & I.T. IN COLLECTION OF DATA

 COLLECTION OF DATA :-

MEANING:-

A sound structure of statistical

investigation is based on a collection of data .

Data are facts, and other relevant

materials,
Past and present, serving as bases for study
and analyses.

Data is generally classified in two groups

viz.,
 Internal data.

 TYPES OF DATA :-
Data needed for social science research may
be broadly classified into three types.

Data pertaining to human beings.

o Demographic & socio-economic characteristic

o behavioural variables

Data relating to organizations.

Data pertaining to territorial areas.

 IMPORTANCE OF DATA :-

 The relevance, adequacy and

reliability of data determine the
quality of the findings of a study.

 Provides the facts and figures

required for constructing
measurement scales and tables
which are analyzed with statistical
techniques.
 SOURCES OF COLLECTION OF
DATA
SOURCES OF DATA

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
SOURCES SOURCES

PRIMARY SECONDARY
SOURCES SOURCES
SOURCES OF DATA:-

 PRIMARY SOURCES.
 Original sources.
 First-hand information.

 SECONDARY SOURCES.
 Collected by someone else
 For something else
 At some other time
 FEATURES OF SECONDARY SOURCES:

 Readymade & readily available.

 Data over which a researcher

has no original control over
collection and classification.

 They are not limited in time

and space.
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA :-

 PRIMARY DATA.

 SECONDARY DATA.
PRIMARY DATA
 Meaning
 Collected for the first time

 Are original in nature

 Collected by authorities who require them

 Sources from where primary data are collected

is called PRIMARY SOURCES.
Methods of collecting primary data
 A) direct personal interview

 B) indirect oral investigation

 C) information from local agents and correspondents

 D) mailed questionnaire and schedules

 E) schedules (questionnaires) to be filled in by

enumerators
 Direct personal investigation
 1) interview
 personal interview
 telephone interview
 computer based interview

 2)observation
 structured observation
 unstructured observation
 participant observation
 non-participant observation
 PERSONAL INTERVIEW

 The gathering of information through face-

to-face contact with an individual.
 A personal interview is a form of direct
communication in which an interviewer asks
respondents questions in a face-to-face
situation.
 Personal interviews may take place in a
factory, in a homeowner’s door-way, in an
executive’s office, in a shopping mall, or in
other setting.
 PERSONAL INTERVIEWS

 DOOR-TO-DOOR INTERVIEWS

 INTERCEPT INTERVIEWS IN MALL AND

OTHER HIGH- TRAFFIC AREAS
 DOOR-TO-DOOR INTERVIEWS

 Personal interview conducted at the respondent’s

home or place of business.

 Door-to-Door interviews provide a more

representative sample of the population than mail
questionnaires.
INTERCEPT INTERVIEWS IN MALL AND OTHER
HIGH- TRAFFIC AREAS

 Personal interview conducted in shopping malls.

 No travel is required to respondent’s home –

instead the respondent comes to interviewer, and
thus many interviews can be carried out quickly.

 The incidence of refusal is high, however, because

individuals may be in a hurry.
 TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS

i. Contacting respondents by telephone to gather responses

to survey questions.
ii. For several decades telephone interviewing has been a
mainstay of commercial survey research.

CENTRAL LOCATION INTERVIEWING.

COMPUTERIZED, VOICE-ACTIVATED
TELEPHONE INTERVIEWS.
 OBSERVATION
Under this method the investigator
personally observes & record rather than
interrogation of that person from whom the
information is being sought.

 Structured observation.
 Unstructured observation.
 Participant observation.
 Non-Participant observation
 Indirect oral investigation
 Used when-

 -it is not possible or desirable to approach

people directly

 - data to be located is of complex nature

 -when there is reluctance or indifference

on the part of the respondents
 Information from local agents
 Local agents or correspondents are appointed
in different areas.

 Respondents collect information in form of

current estimates and transmits same to
higher agency.

 example:- newspaper agencies

 Mailed questionnaire and schedules
 1) preparing a questionnaire or schedule

 2)selecting individuals

 3) sending out the questionnaire

Schedules (questionnaires) to be filled
by enumerators
 The enumerators are provide with
standard schedule or questionnaires to
be filled up by them.
 Special training & instructions are
giving to them regarding the way the
information to be elicited and the
schedule to be filled.
Questionnaire
 Meaning
 Media of communication between the
investigator and the respondents

 It should be designed with utmost care and

caution
 FRAMING OF QUESTIONNAIRE
 Size of the questionnaire should be as small as
possible
 Questions should be simple,clear,unambiguous
 Words with multiple meanings should be
defined
 Words involving prestige & status should be
avoided
 Design should be such that it checks the
information supplied by the respondents
 Questions should be arranged in a logical order
 Questions of sensitive &personal nature should
be avoided
 TYPES OF QUESTIONS
► DICHOTOMOUS

► TRICHOTOMOUS

► MULTIPLE CHOICE

► OPEN CHOICE
 DICHOTOMOUS
 In this, there are only two alternative choices are
given like

“YES ” & “NO”

“AGREE” & “DISAGREE”

 TRICHOTOMOUS
 In this three alternatives are given in addition
to yes & no like
”can’t say” , “ don’ know” , “no opinion”
 MULTIPLE CHOICE
 In this several alternatives are provided to
the respondent which will help them to choose
the most preferable answer
 OPEN CHOICE
 In this no alternatives are provided and the
respondent is free to give answers in their
own words.
 Check Box Scales

 > Please indicate your age by marking the

appropriate box:-
15-30 31-45 46-60 61-75 Over
75
Secondary data
What exactly is secondary data?
 Data…

 Collected by someone else

 For something else

 At some other time

 What is primary to one could be

secondary to another!
library
magazines
Newspapers
Book
websites
Search Engines
C D’S
Your search for a ‘B-School’!

 3000 b-schools in India!

 Can you visit each of the websites?

 Can you check with alumni of each school?

 If you can, you are GOD!

 If you can’t, you need to use secondary

research!
Advantages
 Primary data may not be required!

 economic.

 Much less time consuming.

 Facilitates the researcher to complete

research promptly.

 Helpful for individuals and small

organisations
Limitations with Secondary
Data

Outdated information.

Variation in definition of term.

May not be precise, accurate & specific.

Secondary data may not be available.

(impact of T.V ads, opinion poll)
Sources of Secondary Data

Internal & External

Internal sources

Accounting Records

Internal Experts

sales record

In house periodicals

company's official websites

Accounting Records

 Turnover

 Pricing (MRP)

 Margins

 Overheads

 Costs
Sales Records
 Sales data
 Sales by territory
 Sales by customer type
 Prices and discounts
 Average size of order by customer type,
geographical area
 Average sales by sales person
 Sales by pack size and pack type
Internal Experts
Departmental Teams
 Sales

 Commercial

 Distribution

 Merchandising

 Advertising

 Marketing

 Product Development

 Packaging
 External sources

Government Publications
-journals by rbi
-publications by sbi

Books and periodicals

-business today

Regional publications
External sources
 Media publications
-newspapers,
websites
businessstandard.com
business-today. COM
cencusindia.com

o Commercial sources
BSE,NSE,NYSE
If your heart can be cured
by taking a pill..

Then why do a by-pass!!!

Secondary data
Primary data
 Distinction between primary &
secondary data
 Originality
 Collection expenses
 Suitability
 Precautions
USE OF IT &
COMPUTERS IN DATA
COLLECTION
Barcode
 Barcode
 A bar code is an optical machine-readable representation of
data. Originally, bar codes represented data in the widths
(lines) and the spacings of parallel lines and may be referred to
as linear or 1D (1 dimensional) barcodes or symbologies. But
they also come in patterns of squares, dots, hexagons and
other geometric patterns within images termed 2D (2
dimensional) matrix codes or symbologies. In spite of there
being no bars, 2D systems are generally referred to as
barcodes as well.
 The first use of barcodes was to automate grocery checkout
systems, a task where they have become almost universal
today. Their use has spread to many other roles as well, tasks
that are generically referred to as Auto ID Data Capture
(AIDC).
 Barcodes can be read by optical scanners called
barcode readers or scanned from an image by special software.
Blackbox
 Blackbox
 Black box is a technical term for a device or system
or object when it is viewed primarily in terms of its
input and output characteristics. Almost anything
might occasionally be referred to as a black box: a
transistor, an algorithm,humans, theInternet.
 The opposite of a black box is a system where the
inner components or logic are available for inspection
(such as a free software/open source program),
which is sometimes known as a white box, a glass
box, or a clear box.
 Common usage as Cockpit voice recorder and
flight data recorder responsible for recording all
communications in the cockpit of an aircraft in flight
Radar
 Radar
 Radar is a system that useselectromagnetic
waves to identify the range, altitude,
direction, or speed of both moving and fixed
objects such as aircraft, ships, motor vehicles,
weather formations, and terrain. Radar was
originally called RDF (Radio Direction Finder)
in the United Kingdom A radar system has a
transmitter that emits either microwaves or
radio waves that are reflected by the target
and detected by a receiver
OCR
 OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

 OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

Software that translates images of letters
entered into the computer with a scanner
into characters that can be manipulated
as text but not as images
 Oracle SQL
 Oracle SQL Developer is a free
graphical tool for database development.
With SQL Developer, you can browse
database objects, run SQL statements
and SQL scripts, and edit and debug
PL/SQL statements. You can also run any
number of provided reports, as well as
create and save your own. SQL
Developer enhances productivity and
simplifies your database development
tasks
 SAP Labs
 SAP Labs is the research and development organization
of the parent company. SAP has its development
organization spread across the globe. Many, but not
all, labs locations are hosting SAP Research groups.

 Prominent labs are located in Palo Alto, USA; Bangalore,

Hyderabad and Gurgaon India; Ra'anana and
Karmiel, Israel; Montreal, Canada and Shanghai,
China. SAP Labs located in Bangalore is the largest
development unit in terms of number of employees
outside the SAP headquarters located in Walldorf,
Germany.Other SAP Labs locations include France,
Bulgaria and Hungary.
 Data warehouse
 Data warehouse is a repository of an organization's
electronically stored data. Data warehouses are designed to
facilitate reporting and analysis[1].
 This Classic or general definition of the data warehouse focuses
on data storage. However, the means to retrieve and analyze
data, to extract, transform and load data, and to manage the
data dictionary are also considered essential components of a
data warehousing system. Many references to data warehousing
use this broader context. Thus, an expanded definition for data
warehousing includes business intelligence tools, tools to
extract, transform, and load data into the repository, and tools to
manage and retrieve metadata.
 In contrast to data warehouses are operational systems which
perform day-to-day transaction processing.
 The process of transforming data into information and making it
available to the user in a timely enough manner to make a
difference is known as data warehousing
 radio frequency tags (RFT)

 RFT is a small device that stores data that identifies the object
to which it is attached. The data on tag can be read at a
distance via radio Radio frequency tags (RFT) could also be
used to trace goods from the source of production
 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic
identification method, relying on
 storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID
tags or transponders. An
 RFID tag is an object that can be attached to or incorporated
into a product, animal, or
 person for the purpose of identification using radio waves.
Chip-based RFID tags contain silicon chips and antennas.
Search Engines
 Search Engines
 A Web search engine is a tool designed to
search for information on the World Wide Web
. Information may consist of web pages,
images, information and other types of files.
Some search engines also mine data available
in newsbooks, databases, or open directories.
Unlike Web directories, which are maintained
by human editors, search engines operate
algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic
and human input
Internet
Intranet
 Intranet
 An intranet is a private computer network
that uses Internet technologies to securely
share any part of an organization's
information or operational systems with its
employees. Sometimes the term refers only
to the organization's internal website, but
often it is a more extensive part of the
organization's computer infrastructure and
private websites are an important component
and focal point of internal communication and
collaboration
ERP
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an
enterprise-wide information system designed
to coordinate all the resources, information,
and activities needed to complete business
processes such as order fulfillment or billing
 An ERP system is based on a common
database and a modular software design. The
common database can allow every
department of a business to store and
retrieve information in real-time
Distribution Resource Planning (DRP)

• Distribution Resource
Planning (DRP) is a
method used in
business administration
for planning orders
within a supply chain.
DRP enables the user to
set certain inventory
control parameters (like
a safety stock) and
calculate the time-
phased inventory
requirements
Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a software based production planning and inventory control system
used to manage manufacturing processes. Although it is not common nowadays, it is possible to conduct MRP
by hand as well.