0 évaluation0% ont trouvé ce document utile (0 vote)
49 vues42 pages
Muscle fiber generates tension during the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. While under tension, the muscle may lengthen, shorten, or remain the same. Although the term contraction implies shortening, when referring to the muscular system, it means muscle fibers generating tension with the help of motor neurons (the terms twitch tension, twitch force, and fiber contraction are also used).
Voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by the central nervous system. The brain sends signals, in the form of action potentials, through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. In the case of some reflexes, the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop with the grey matter. Involuntary muscles such as the heart or smooth muscles in the gut and vascular system contract as a result of non-conscious brain activity or stimuli proceeding in the body to the muscle itself.
Muscle fiber generates tension during the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. While under tension, the muscle may lengthen, shorten, or remain the same. Although the term contraction implies shortening, when referring to the muscular system, it means muscle fibers generating tension with the help of motor neurons (the terms twitch tension, twitch force, and fiber contraction are also used).
Voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by the central nervous system. The brain sends signals, in the form of action potentials, through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. In the case of some reflexes, the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop with the grey matter. Involuntary muscles such as the heart or smooth muscles in the gut and vascular system contract as a result of non-conscious brain activity or stimuli proceeding in the body to the muscle itself.
Muscle fiber generates tension during the action of actin and myosin cross-bridge cycling. While under tension, the muscle may lengthen, shorten, or remain the same. Although the term contraction implies shortening, when referring to the muscular system, it means muscle fibers generating tension with the help of motor neurons (the terms twitch tension, twitch force, and fiber contraction are also used).
Voluntary muscle contraction is controlled by the central nervous system. The brain sends signals, in the form of action potentials, through the nervous system to the motor neuron that innervates several muscle fibers. In the case of some reflexes, the signal to contract can originate in the spinal cord through a feedback loop with the grey matter. Involuntary muscles such as the heart or smooth muscles in the gut and vascular system contract as a result of non-conscious brain activity or stimuli proceeding in the body to the muscle itself.
*Blok Dermatomuscular System-K8-9* Dept.Fisiologi FK USU
2 Types of muscle The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth These types differ in structure, location, function, and means of activation
3 Summary: Comparison of Three Muscle Types Table 12-3: Comparison of Three Muscle Types 4 Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type: Characteristics : Speed of contraction determined by speed in which ATPases split ATP slow and fast fibers ATP-forming pathways Oxidative fibers use aerobic pathways Glycolytic fibers use anaerobic glycolysis These two criteria define three categories slow oxidative fibers, fast oxidative fibers, and fast glycolytic fibers 5 Muscle Fiber Type: Speed of Contraction Slow oxidative fibers contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPases, and are fatigue resistant Fast oxidative fibers contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and have moderate resistance to fatigue
Fast glycolytic fibers contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and are easily fatigued 6 7 Morphology of Skeletal Muscle 8 9 10 Sarcotubular system : Structur of membrane surounding the musle fibrils, consist of : T tubules : are continuous with the sarcolemma Sarcoplasmic reticulum : functions in the regulation of intracellular calcium movement 11 Electrical phenomena & ionic fluxes Electrical characteristics of skeletal muscle : Resting membrane potential : - 90 mV Duration of Action Potential : 2-4 ms Speed of conduction : 5 m/s Absolut refractory period : 1-3 ms
Ionic fluxes : Na + influx depolarization K + efflux repolarization 12 Stimulation
Depolarization at Action motor end-plate potential muscle fiber
contractile response
Single A.P single contraction = muscle twitch Contractile responses 13 Skeletal Muscle Contraction In order to contract, a skeletal muscle must be stimulated by a nerve ending of the somatic nervous system Axons of this neurons branch profusely as they enter muscles Each axonal branch forms a neuromuscular junction with a single muscle fiber
When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon at the neuromuscular junction, ACh release to the synaptic cleft. 14 Neuromuscular Junction 15 Skeletal Muscle Contraction, cont ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma
Binding of ACh to its receptors initiates an action potential in the muscle.
The process by which depolarization of the muscle fiber initiates contraction is called Excitation-Contraction coupling. 16 Molecular basis of contraction : 1. Acetylcholin initiates A.P in muscle cell propagated to entire surface of muscle cell membrane. 2. The surface electric activity caried into the muscle fiber by the T tubules. 3. A.P in the T tubules trigers Ca 2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) 4. Ca 2+ bind to troponin (on actin filament) leads to tropomyosin moved aside uncover actins cross-bridge binding sites.
17 18 Myosin cross bridge attaches to the actin myofilament 1 2 3 4 Working strokethe myosin head pivots and bends as it pulls on the actin filament, sliding it toward the M line As new ATP attaches to the myosin head, the cross bridge detaches As ATP is split into ADP and P i , cocking of the myosin head occurs Myosin head (high-energy configuration) Thick filament Myosin head (low-energy configuration) ADP and P i (inorganic phosphate) released Sequential Events of Contraction Figure 9.11 Thin filament 19 Molecular basis of contraction.cont : 5. Myosin cross-bridges attach to actin & bend, producing a power stroke pulling actin filaments toward center of sarcomere (previously, myosin have been energized by the splitting of ATP into ADP +Pi + energy by myosin ATPase, site on the cross-bridge)
6. Inward sliding of all the thin filaments (actin) surounding a thick filament (myosin) shortens the sarcomere / cause muscle contraction. 20 Molecular basis of contraction.cont : 7. Pi & ADP is released from the cross-bridge after the power stroke is complete. 8. New ATP attach permits separation of the cross-bridge return to its original conformation 9. Splitting of ATP by myosin ATPase energizes the cross-bridge once again.
10. If Ca 2+ still present so that the troponin-tropomyosin complex remain pulled aside : the cross-bridge go through another cycle of binding & bending, pulling the thin filament in even further. 21 Types of Contraction Isotonic contraction Muscle tension remains constant as the muscle changes length.
22 Isometric contraction Muscle is prevented from shortening, tension developed at constant muscle length. 23 Jenis Gerakan Otot : Concentric. Static. Eccentric. 24 Factors influence tension of contraction 1. The frequency of stimulation 2. The length of the fiber at the onset of contraction 3. The extent of fatique 4. The thickness of the fiber. 25 Motor Unit: The Nerve-Muscle Functional Unit A motor unit is a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies The number of muscle fibers per motor unit can vary from four to several hundred Muscles that control fine movements (fingers, eyes) have small motor units 26 Motor Unit: The Nerve-Muscle Functional Unit Figure 9.12 (a) 27 Stimulation Strength Threshold stimulus the stimulus strength at which the first observable muscle contraction occurs Beyond threshold, muscle contracts more vigorously as stimulus strength is increased Force of contraction is precisely controlled by multiple motor unit summation This phenomenon, called recruitment, brings more and more muscle fibers into play 28 Stimulus Intensity and Muscle Tension Figure 9.15 (a, b) 29 The effect of frequency of stimulation Summation of contraction ; repeated stimulation (before relaxation has occurred) additional activation of the contractile elements greater tension developed.
1 30 Tetanic contraction ; rapidly repeated stimulation, no relaxation has occurred continuous contraction. Complete tetanus Incomplete tetanus
Treppe ; an increase in the tension developed during each twitch until, after several contractions, a uniform tension per contraction is reached.
31 Treppe: The Staircase Effect Staircase increased contraction in response to multiple stimuli of the same strength Contractions increase because: There is increasing availability of Ca 2+ in the sarcoplasm Muscle enzyme systems become more efficient because heat is increased as muscle contracts 32 Relation between muscle length, tension & velocity of contraction Maximum tension produce if length of the fiber at the onset of contraction is normal (resting length) If the muscle is stretched (longer) or shorter, the active tension & total tension will reduced. The velocity of muscle contraction is maximal at the resting length, & declines if the muscle get shorter or longer. (see fig. 3.11 in Ganong) 2 33 Source of energy for muscle contraction Muscle use ATP for : Cross-bridge binding & separation Pumping Ca 2+ from sarcoplasma into SR Pumping Na + & K + through the cell membrane
ATP is sufficient to maintain full contraction for 1-2 s (ATPADP+Pi+energy)
Several source of energy for rephosphorylation is: 1. Phosphorylcreatine 2. Glycogen 3. Oxidative metabolism
34 Muscle Fatigue Muscle fatigue the muscle is in a state of physiological inability to contract
Muscle fatigue occurs when: ATP production fails to keep pace with ATP use There is a relative deficit of ATP, causing contractures Lactic acid accumulates in the muscle Ionic imbalances are present 3 35 Rigor When muscle fiber are completely depleted of ATP & Phosphorylcreatine, relaxation does not occur a state rigidity.
When this occur after death rigor mortis. 36 The thickness of the fiber The force of contraction is affected by: The number of muscle fibers contracting the more motor fibers in a muscle, the stronger the contraction The relative size of the muscle the bulkier the muscle, the greater its strength
4 37 Heat Production During Muscle Activity Only 40% of the energy released in muscle activity is useful as work The remaining 60% is given off as heat Dangerous heat levels are prevented by radiation of heat from the skin and sweating 38 Thermodynamically, the energy supplied to a muscle must equal its energy output. The energy output appears in work done by the muscle, in energy-rich phosphate bonds formed for later use, and in heat. The overall mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle (work done/total energy expenditure) ranges up to 50% while lifting a weight during isotonic contraction and is essentially 0% during isometric contraction. Energy storage in phosphate bonds is a small factor. Consequently, heat production is considerable. The heat produced in muscle can be measured accurately with suitable thermocouples.
39 Resting heat, the heat given off at rest, is the external manifestation of basal metabolic processes. The heat produced in excess of resting heat during contraction is called the initial heat. This is made up of activation heat, the heat that muscle produces whenever it is contracting, and shortening heat, which is proportionate in amount to the distance the muscle shortens. Shortening heat is apparently due to some change in the structure of the muscle during shortening.
40 Following contraction, heat production in excess of resting heat continues for as long as 30 minutes. This recovery heat is the heat liberated by the metabolic processes that restore the muscle to its precontraction state. The recovery heat of muscle is approximately equal to the initial heat; ie, the heat produced during recovery is equal to the heat produced during contraction.
If a muscle that has contracted isotonically is restored to its previous length, extra heat in addition to recovery heat is produced (relaxation heat). External work must be done on the muscle to return it to its previous length, and relaxation heat is mainly a manifestation of this work.
41 Developmental Aspects: Age Related With age, connective tissue increases and muscle fibers decrease Muscles become stringier and more sinewy By age 80, 50% of muscle mass is lost (sarcopenia) Regular exercise reverses sarcopenia Aging of the cardiovascular system affects every organ in the body Atherosclerosis may block distal arteries, leading to intermittent claudication and causing severe pain in leg muscles 42