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Perforating

Manuel Enrique Nieves Plata
Especialista DST TCP
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Basics
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What is Perforating?
A perforating gun is lowered into a
well and placed opposite a target
formation
The gun is fired by initiating an
electric or percussion detonator
Shaped charges housed inside the
gun pierce the casing, cement and
formation
Fluids can now flow into the wellbore



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History of Perforating in Oil Industry
Nitroglycerine: 1860s
Mechanical Cutter:
before1932
Bullets: from 1932



Shaped Charge: from 1946
Wireline Perforating: from
1946
Abrasive Jetting: from
1958
Tubing Conveyed: from
1978



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Shaped Charge History
Cavity effect
Franz van Bader 1792
Rediscovered by Charles Munroe 1888
Known as Munroe effect in USA and
Neumann effect in Germany
Metal liner effect
Early work in Germany, UK, Russia,
Italy , Japan (~1911 onwards)
Effective penetrators designed by Henry
Mohaupt (Switzerland, UK, USA),
Franz Thomenek (Germany) both late
1930s
First oil industry use ~1946-8 by
Mohaupt in USA
Powdered liners
Schlumberger 1960s



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Components of Shaped Charge
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Explosives
High-energy chemical
reaction releasing gas
Characterized by
Speed of reaction
Pressure generated
Sensitivity
Primary High
Detonators
Secondary High
Detonators
Boosters
Detonating Cord
Shaped Charges



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Oil Industry Explosives
RDX (Cyclotrimethylenetrinatramine) 8,750
m/s
HMX (Octogen) 9,100 m/s
HNS (HexaNitroStilbene) 7,000 m/s
PETN, TATB, Nona, Tacot, PYX, SX-2
Lead Azide, Silver Azide

Flammable Solids
Propellants
Low Explosives


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How a Shaped Charge Works
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How a Shaped Charge Works
Formation
Casing
Gun
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Hardware
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Types of Shaped Charges
Deep Penetrating
Pressed powdered metal
Long cones

Big Hole
Solid liner
Parabolic

Good Hole
Reactive liners
Low debris:
Zinc or treated Steel


Determined by Liner Material and
Shape
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Types of Guns
Capsule
Exposed
Wireline
Carrier
Protected
Any conveyor
Special Guns
Pivot Gun
Side-Mounted Gun
OrientXact
Pump-over
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Tubing Conveyed
Perforating
Electronic
Firing Head
eFire (EFI)
Mechanical Firing Head
HDF (Percussion
Detonator)
TCP/DST string
Pressure
Transducer
Battery
Controller
Circuits
Initiator
Circuits
EFI
Detonator
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Wireline Perforating
Electrical Detonator
Secure Initiator (EFI)
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Other Types of Deployment
Slickline
Completion
Coiled Tubing
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Penetration
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Perforation State

Crushed zone affects by production and injection
Fill, fines or debris affects injection

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Cleanup Options
Surging Static
Underbalance









Dynamic Underbalance
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PURE Dynamic Underbalance
PURE creates a fast DUB at the perforations
Increases effectiveness in cleaning perforations
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0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Perforation Dynamics
Time, sec
Test 7
Test 8
Initial overbalance = 500 psi
Test 9
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Perforation & PURE Timescale
1 : Gun positioned on depth
Shape Charge Detonation
Gun Pressure : Pg
Pw > Pg
PURE Condition : YES
Pr > Pw > Pg
Perforation Tunnel
&
Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pr
Time ms
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Formation damage
PURE Charge
Shape Charge
Cement
Casing
PURE Condition : Pr > Pw > Pg
With : Pg = Gun Pressure ( Atmospheric pressure before gun fired)
Pw = Wellbore Hydrostatic Pressure ( Underbalance below Pr)
Pr = Reservoir pressure
Pg

Pw
Comments :
Pw is below Pr and corresponds to a desired initial
underbalance pressure
Pg below Pw since Pg is at atmospheirc pressure
Pw
Wellbore pressure : Pw
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Perforation & PURE Timescale
2 : Fire guns
Shape Charge Detonation
Gun Pressure : Pg
Pw < Pg
Perforation Tunnel
&
Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pr
Time ms
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Formation damage
Cement
Casing
Timing :
0-15 Microsecond Birth of jet
High jet tip velocity - 7,000 m/sec.
Pressure in gun ( Pg) increases. Gun Swells

Pg

Pw
Comments :
Gun Pressure Pg is building up inside the Gun
because of gas pressure generated by explosive (
deto cord,shaped charge ) combustion.
Gun starts to swell
Pw
Pg
PURE Condition : NO
Pr > Pw < Pg
Wellbore pressure : Pw
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Perforation & PURE Timescale
3 : Gun pressure released
Shape Charge Detonation
Gun Pressure : Pg
Pw < Pg
Perforation Tunnel
&
Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pr
Time ms
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Formation damage
Cement
Casing
Timing :
15-30 Microsecond Jet interaction with fluid
Jet creates a hole in gun body
Free communication in between inner gun and Wellbore fluid

Pg

Comments :
High gas pressure generated by explosives exits from
gun and gas expends creating a large spike in
pressure in the wellbore

Pw
Pw
Wellbore pressure : Pw
PURE Condition : NO
Pr < Pw < Pg
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Perforation & PURE Timescale
4 : Creation of perforation tunnel
Shape Charge Detonation
Gun Pressure : Pg
Pw < Pg
Perforation Tunnel
&
Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pr
Time ms
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr
Timing :
30-250 Microsecond Creation of cavity in Rock
High impact pressure : 15 million psi
Jet creates perforation tunnel and allow communication in between
reservoir and wellbore

Pg

Comments :
High impact jet on reservoir pulverizes formation
rock grains causing a change in the matrix rock that
results in a low-permeability crushed zone
immediately surrounding the perforation tunnels and
creating potential for migration of fine particles
The process also leaves some residual charge debris
inside the perforations.
Gas fully expanded in wellbore
Pw
Pw
Reduced Permeability
Crushed Zone : Kc
Damaged Zone : Kd
PURE Condition : NO
Pr < Pw < Pg
Wellbore pressure : Pw
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Perforation & PURE Timescale
5 : Wellbore fluid rushes in gun
Perforation Tunnel
&
Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pr
Time ms
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr
Timing :
300-500 Microsecond - End of penetration
1-5 Millisecond Initial response of wellbore fluid
Perforation tunnel and allow communication in between reservoir and
wellbore

Pg

Comments :
Also the perforation process leaves a mixture of
crushed material in the tunnel (comminuted debris,
loose sands, charge debris) which can have a large
impact in injection efficiency
The process also leaves some residual charge debris
inside the perforations.
The fluid in the wellbore begins to notice that it can
expand inside the gun
Pw
Reduced Permeability
Crushed Zone : Kc
Damaged Zone : Kd
Shape Charge Detonation
Gun Pressure : Pg
Pw > Pg
PURE Condition : NO
Pr < Pw > Pg
Loose sand
Pw
0
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Perforation & PURE Timescale
6 : Dynamic underbalance occurs ( DUB)
Perforation Tunnel
&
Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pr
Time ms
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Timing :
5-10Millisecond PURE Effect
First step : Tensile failure of crushed zone


Pg

Comments :
Tensile failure is caused by exposure to the high
differential pressure between reservoir and wellbore.
When the peak strength of the flow exceeds the
strength of the rock damaged by perforating, tensile
failure will cause the weakened rock to be removed
Shape Charge Detonation
Gun Pressure : Pg
Pw > Pg
PURE Condition : YES
Pr > Pw > Pg
0 10
Pw
Differential pressure
=
PURE DUBy
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Perforation & PURE Timescale
7 : Transport of failed material
Perforation Tunnel
&
Reservoir Pressure : Pr
Pressure
Pr
Time ms
Virgin Reservoir :
Pr, K
Timing :
10-50 Millisecond PURE Effect
Second Step : Crushed zone removed from perforation tunnel
Perforation tunnel cleaned up

Pg

Comments :
Fines and perforation debris are removed from the
perforation tunnel by the subsequent flow into the
wellbore caused by the dynamic underbalance
Shape Charge Detonation
Gun Pressure : Pg
Pw = Pg
PURE Condition : YES
Pr > Pw
0 10
Pw
20 30 40 50
Flow
period
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