Circuit Simulation

Current, I Voltage, V Power, P

OHMS LAW
Georg Simon Ohm(17871854), a
German physicist, in 1826
experimentally determined the
most basic law relating voltage
and current for a resistor. Ohms
work was initially denied by
critics.
Born of humble beginnings in
Erlangen, Bavaria, Ohm threw
himself into electrical research.
His efforts resulted in his famous
law. He was awarded the Copley
Medal in 1841 by the Royal
Society of London. In 1849, he
was given the Professor of
Physics chair by the University of
Munich. To honor him, the unit
of resistance was named the
ohm.
Ohms Law
Ohms law states that the voltage v across a
resistor is directly proportional to the current i
flowing through the resistor with its resistance
held constant.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the voltage v, current i and power of
the circuit.
Check Your Understanding
The voltage across a 5-k resistor is 16 V.
Determine the current through the resistor
and power.
Check Your Understanding
An electric heater draws 10 A from a 120-V dc
line. Determine the resistance of the heater
and power.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the voltage v and current i in the
circuit.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the voltage drop across a 1.5-kW
toaster that draws 12 A of current.
Check Your Understanding
A load of 10 ohms was connected to a 12 V
battery. The current drawn was 1.18 A. What
is the internal resistance of the battery.
Check Your Understanding
The essential component of a toaster is an
electrical element (a resistor) that converts
electrical energy to heat energy. How much
current is drawn by a toaster with resistance
10 ohms at 110 V?

Check Your Understanding
When the voltage across a resistor is 120 V, the
current through it is 2.5 mA. Calculate its
Conductance.
Check Your Understanding
(a) Calculate current when the switch is in position 1.
(b) Find the current when the switch is in position 2
NODES, BRANCHES AND LOOPS
A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.

A node is the point of connection between two
or more branches.

A node is the point of connection between two
or more branches.

A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

A network with b branches, n nodes, and l
independent loops will satisfy the fundamental
theorem of network topology:

Check Your Understanding
Determine the number of branches, nodes, and
independent loops in the circuit.
Check Your Understanding
A network has 12 branches and 8 independent
loops. How many nodes are there in the
network?

Check Your Understanding
Determine the number of branches, nodes, and
independent loops in the circuit.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the number of branches, nodes, and
independent loops in the circuit.
SERIES CIRCUIT
VOLTAGE SOURCES IN SERIES
Check Your Understanding
Determine the voltage across terminals ab.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the voltage across terminals ab.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the voltage across terminals ab.
RESISTORS IN SERIES
The equivalent resistance of resistors connected
in series.
Check Your Understanding
Determine R
eq

Check Your Understanding
Determine R
ab
, R
ac
,and R
bc
.

SERIES CIRCUIT
Series Circuit
Two or more elements are in series if they
exclusively share a single node and
consequently carry the same current.

The sum of voltages in each resistors is equal to
the voltage source.
Because the same current I passes through each resistor,
we can calculate the voltage across each resistor:



This indicates the voltage drop across each resistor
depends on its resistance.
1 1
2 2
N N
V IR
V IR
V IR
=
=
=
We can examine the power dissipated in
series resistors as well.
The power through the individual resistors is:
2
1 1
2
2 2
2
N N
P I R
P I R
P I R
=
=
=
Power in Series Circuit
The total power delivered to the series circuit
is:

Because the current through each resistor is
the same, the power can be expressed as:

Or
1 2 T N
P P P P = + + +
( )
2
1 2 T N
P I R R R = + + +
2
T T
P I R =
The sum of the powers absorbed by each
resistors is equal to the total power delivered
by the source.
absorbed delivered
N T s T
P P
P P P P I V P
=
+ + + + = = ...
3 2 1
Life-long Learning
Derive the mathematical model of determining
the equivalent resistance of n resistors with
equal resistances R connected in series.
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
Gustav Robert Kirchhoff(18241887), a
German physicist, stated two basic laws
in 1847 concerning the relationship
between the currents and voltages in an
electrical network. Kirchhoffs laws,
along with Ohms law, form the basis of
circuit theory.
Born the son of a lawyer in Konigsberg, East
Prussia, Kirchhoff entered the University
of Konigsberg at age 18 and later became
a lecturer in Berlin. Kirchhoff was also
credited with the Kirchhoff law of
radiation. Thus Kirchhoff is famous
among engineers, chemists, and
physicists.
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW
KVL
Kirchhoff's voltage law is based on
conservation of energy.
It states that the algebraic sum of voltages
around a closed path (or loop) is zero.
It can be expressed as:

1
0
M
m
m
v
=
=

0
5 4 3 2 1
= + + V V V V V
2 3 5 1 4
V V V V V + + = +
voltage drops voltage rises =

Drops vs. Rises
Voltage rises occur when we travel across through an element
going from to +.
Voltage drops occur when we go from + to -.
A voltage rise is said to take place in an active element.
A voltage drop occurs in a passive element.
Check Your Understanding
Determine v1 in the circuit
Check Your Understanding
Determine v
1
in the circuit
Check Your Understanding
Determine all the unknown voltages.
Voltage Division Principle
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
R R
V V V V
R R R R
= =
+ +
Check Your Understanding
Determine v
1
, and v
2
in the circuit
Check Your Understanding
Determine R.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
CURRENT SOURCES IN PARALLEL
Check Your Understanding
Determine the total current.
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Parallel Resistors
Two resistors are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes.
Equivalent Resistance of
Parallel Resistors
Life-long Learning
Derive the mathematical model of determining
the equivalent resistance of n resistors with
equal resistances R connected in parallel.
Critical Thinking
a. Determine the equivalent resistance if two
resistors having 100 and 250 ohms are
connected in parallel.
b. Determine the equivalent resistance if three
resistors having 50, 125 and 300 ohms are
connected in parallel.
c. Determine the equivalent resistance if four
resistors having 200, 500, 1000 and 1500
ohms are connected in parallel.


Critical Thinking
What have you observed on the equivalent
resistance of the resistors connected in
parallel in terms of the resistances of the
resistors?

Determine the equivalent resistance of resistors
connected in parallel.
Check Your Understanding
Determine R
eq

Check Your Understanding
Determine R
eq
.

Check Your Understanding
If Req=50 in the circuit, determine R.
CONDUCTANCE
A useful quantity in circuit analysis is the
reciprocal of resistance R, known as
conductance and denoted by G:
The conductance is a measure of how well an
element will conduct electric current.
The unit of conductance is the mho (ohm
spelled backward) or reciprocal ohm, with
symbol, the inverted omega.
Although engineers often use the mhos, another
unit of conductance is Siemens (S), the SI unit
of conductance.
It is often more convenient to use conductance
rather than resistance when dealing with
resistors in parallel. The equivalent
conductance for N resistors in parallel is
Conductances in parallel behave as a single
conductance whose value is equal to the sum
of the individual conductances.
The equivalent conductance of resistors
connected in parallel is the sum of their
individual conductances.
Check Your Understanding
A circuit has a resistive load of 1000 ohms.
What is the conductance of the circuit?
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Parallel Circuit
Two or more elements are in parallel if they are
connected to the same two nodes and
consequently have the same voltage across them.

The sum of currents in each resistors is equal to
the current from the source.
2 1
i i i + =
Because the same voltage through each resistor, we
can calculate the current through each resistor:


This indicates the current through each resistor
depends on its resistance.
2
2
1
1
,
R
v
i
R
v
i = =
We can examine the power dissipated in
series resistors as well.
The power through the individual resistors is:
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
R i P
R i P
=
=
Power in Parallel Circuit
The total power delivered to the series circuit
is:
Because the voltage across each resistor is the
same, the power can be expressed as:


1 2 T N
P P P P = + + +
T
T
T
T
R
v
R R
v P
R
v
R
v
P
P P P
2
2 1
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
1 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
+ =
The sum of the powers absorbed by each
resistors is equal to the total power delivered
by the source.
absorbed delivered
N T s T
P P
P P P P I V P
=
+ + + + = = ...
3 2 1
Critical Thinking
Compare the total power in series circuit and
parallel circuit.
Principle of Current Division
Check Your Understanding
Determine the voltage, current and power on
each resistor. Show that the sum of the
powers on each resistor is equal to the power
delivered by the source.
KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the
algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or
a closed boundary) is zero.
Kirchhoffs current law (KCL) states that the
algebraic sum of currents entering a node is
zero.
The sum of the currents entering a node is equal
to the sum of the currents leaving the node.


=
leaving entering
I I
Check Your Understanding
Determine I
o

Check Your Understanding
Determine the unknown currents.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the unknown currents.
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
OHMS LAW AND KIRCHHOFFS LAW
Check Your Understanding
Determine V
ab
and I
Check Your Understanding
Determine i
o

Check Your Understanding
Determine V
o

DELTA-WYE TRANSFORMATION
HomeWork
Use KVL to determine the unknown branch
voltages.
HomeWork
Determine i and V
o

HomeWork
Determine V in the circuit.