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General characteristics
Whiplike locomotor apparatus
Sucking disc
Axostyle
Undulating membrane
Rudimentary mouth called cytosome
Giardia lamblia
Inhabits the small intestine
Trophozoite
Pear or tear drop shaped
Prominent ovoid sucking disc
4 pair of flagella
Large karyosome
Suported by axostyle
Jerky falling leaf movement
Cyst
2-4 nuclei
Pathology
Inflammation of the G.I. tract
Results to secretions of abundant mucus
Weaknes, chills, low grade fever,nausea,
anorexia
Passage of foul smelling stool
Steatorrhea
Diagnosis and treatment
DFS
ELISA
Furazolidone
Chilomastix mesnili
Large intestine
Trophozoite
Pear shaped
With distinct karyosome
3 anterior flagella
Stiff rotary or cork screw movement
Cyst
Lemon shaped
With protuberance ( nipple shaped cyst )
Trichomonas
General characteristics
Only trophic stage
Round anterior pointed posterior
Rigid axostyle extending from the mid of
the body
3-6 anterior flagella
With undulating membrane
Trichomonas vaginalis
Pyriform with cytosome
Prominent axostyle
Largest
Presence of siderophil granules on
cytoplasm
Inflammation of vaginal wall with petechial
hemorrhage
Desquamation of vaginal eithelial cell
Greenish yellow secretion
Intense vaginal itchiness ad burning
sensation
Urethritis, vaginitis, prostatis
Geimsa’s or Pap’s
Oral metronidazole
Trichomonas tenax
Inhabits the oral cavity
4 flagella
Undulating membrane which does not
reach the posterior end of the body
Single nucleus and cytosome
Oral contact
Dishes, glasses
Trichomonas hominis
Caecum
5 anterior flagella
Posterior flagellum from undulating
membrane
Axostyle extends from anterior to posterior
end along the mid axis
Oral ingestion
Blood and tissue
flagellates
Stages of development
Amastigote or leishmania
Ovoidal without free flagellum
Promastigote or leptomonas
Spindle shaped
With flagellum
Epimastigote or crithidia
Trypomastigote or trypanosoma
Trypanosomes
Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
West African sleeping sickness
Tse tse flies
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
East African sleeping sickness
Tse tse flies
Epimastigote in invertebrates
Trypomastigote in mammals
Enters circulation and lymphatic system
Invades CNS
Irregular fever, headache, hyperactive
Mental retardation and altered reflexes
Pentamidine, suramin
Trypanosoma cruzi
American typanosomiasis
Chaga’s disease
Reduviid bug ( kissing or assasin bug )
Chagoma – painful nodule at the site of
inoculation
Muscle fiber of the heart, smooth muscle of
the G.I. tract causing enlargement and
ANS nerve ganglia
Nifurtimox, benzuldazole
Leishmania
Leishmania tropica
Oriental sore/old world leishmaniasis
Phlebotomous fly ( sand fly )
Leishmania braziliense
Chiclero’s ulcer
Espundla mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania donovani
Kala azar or visceral leishmaniasis
Phlebotomous fly ( sand fly )
Pathology
Ulceration of the skin leaving ugly scar
Resembles lepromatous leprosy
Metastatic ulceration of oropharynx,
pharyngeal mucosa—leprosy like tissue
destruction and swelling ( tapir nose )
Fever, malaise, weight and appetite loss
Ski darkening, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly and lymphadenopathy
Stain with Wright’s or Giemsa’s
Culture with Nicole, Novy and Mc Neal
Sodium atiboglucolate and N- methyl
glucamine antimonate
Amphotericin, metronidazole, nifortimox,
pentamidine ( for kala- azar )
Balantidium coli
Largest intestinal protozoa
Trophozoite
Covered with spiral longitudinal row of cilia
Kidney shaped macronucleus and small spherical
micronucleus
Directional rolling movement
Cyst
With thick cell wall
Macronucleous and contractile vacuoles are found in
the cytolasm
Infection through ingestion of cyst
Excystation in the small intestine and
become trophozoites
With cytolytic enzyme hyaluronidase
Ulceration with numerous parasites on the
base of the ulcer
Secondary bacterial infection
Balantidiasis dysentery similar to amoebiasis
Diagnosis- stool examination
Tetracycline/metronidazole
Toxoplasma gondii
Asexual multiplication in man
Obligate intracellular parasite
Pyriform in shape
AKA tachyzoites
Accumulation of tachyzoites leads to the
formation of cyst
Cats are the definitive host