In organic compound

Submitted by,
DIVYA.R
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
REG.NO
Isomerism is the phenomenon of exhibiting
two or more compounds with same
molecular formula but different physical
and chemical properties.
Isomers are the compounds showing
different physical and chemical properties
but same molecular formula.

Occurs due to the restricted
rotation of C=C double bonds...
two forms - CIS and TRANS
STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
STEREOISOMERISM
GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM
OPTICAL ISOMERISM
CHAIN ISOMERISM
Same molecular formula but
different structural formulae
Occurs when molecules have a
chiral centre. Get two non-
superimposable mirror images.
Same molecular
formula but atoms
occupy different
positions in space.
POSITION ISOMERISM
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
ISOMERISM
The structural isomerism or constitutional
isomerism arises when atoms within a molecule are
arranged in different orders. The structural isomers
have the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae.
The structural isomers usually show different
physical and chemical properties

The structural isomerism is further divided into:
Chain isomerism
Positional isomerism
Functional isomerism
Metamerism

The chain isomerism arises due to different
arrangements of carbon atoms leading to linear
and branched chains. The chain isomers have same
molecular formula but different types of chains i.e.,
linear and branched.
The chain isomers have almost similar chemical
properties but different physical properties.

E.g. Two chain isomers possible with the molecular
formula, C
4
H
12
.

The positional isomerism arises due to
different positions of side chains,
substituents, functional groups, double
bonds, triple bonds etc., on the parent chain.

E.g. Propyl chloride and isopropyl chloride are
the positional isomers with the molecular
formula, C
3
H
7
Cl.

The functional isomerism arises due to
presence of different functional groups. The
functional isomers have the same molecular
formula but possess different functional
groups.
The functional isomers show different
physical as well as chemical properties.
E.g. The dimethyl ether is the functional isomer
of ethyl alcohol. Both have the same molecular
formula, C
2
H
6
O. However they have different
functional groups.

The metamerism arises when different alkyl groups
are attached to same functional group.
E.g.
1) The following metamers contain the ether
functional group. However they differ by the nature
of alkyl groups attached to the oxygen atom.

molecules have the same molecular formula but the
atoms are joined to each other in a different spacial
arrangement - they occupy a different position in 3-
dimensional space.

there are two types...


geometrical isomerism

optical isomerism

the geometrical isomerism arises when atoms or
groups are arranged differently in space due to
restricted rotation of a bond or bonds in a
molecule.
E.g.
1) Two different spatial arrangements of methyl
groups about a double bond in 2-butene give rise
to the following geometrical isomers.
i.e., cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene

Optical isomers are molecules that differ
three-dimensionally by the placement of
substituents around one or more atoms in a
molecule. Optical isomers were given their
name because they were first able to be
distinguished by how they rotated plane-
polarizFor example, consider the following
two molecules.
ed light.