Rahmat Muslim 2010

17/09/2014 BFC 3153 1

WATER EFFICIENCY
Rahmat Muslim 2010
17/09/2014 BFC 3153 2
Presentation Outcomes
At the end of the presentation, student
should be able to :
Identify the different between Water
Efficiency & Water Conservation
Identify the suitable water efficiency
approach.
Design/Calculate the selected water
efficiency approach.
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Content
Introduction to WE & WC
Water Efficiency Approach
Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)
Water Recycling
Water Efficient Irrigation
Water Efficient Fittings
Metering and Leak Detection System
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Water Efficiency
Introduction
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Efficiency vs Conservation
Water efficiency means using improved technologies and
practices that deliver equal or better service with less water.
For example, the use of low-flow faucet (A regulator for
controlling the flow of a liquid) aerators can be more powerful than
no aerators for washing hands.

Water conservation has been associated with curtailment of
water use and doing less with less water, typically during a
water shortage, such as a drought; for example, minimizing lawn
watering and automobile washing in order to conserve water.
Water conservation also includes day-to-day demand
management to better manage how and when water is used,
It is common to hear the words water conservation used
synonymously with water efficiency.
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Water Resources
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Water Use
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Drinking Water & Sanitation
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Benefits of
Water Efficiency Programs
I. Reduced Water Demand
Generally faster, cheaper and easier than supply-side
programs.
II. Water and Wastewater Treatment Saving
Reduces costs and defers plant expansion.
III. Less Environmental Impact
Due to fewer surface and subsurface withdrawals.
IV. Sustained Water Quality
Reduces groundwaters contaminant intrusion and
curtails demand for new supplies that are of lower
quality.
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Changing Behavior vs Equipment
Equipment changes may be viewed as a
permanent fix to achieve water efficiency.
Changing employee behaviors, such as an
operating procedure, may be viewed as a quick and
inexpensive way to achieve similar savings without up-
front capital expense.
In reality, both the technical and human side of
water management issues must be addressed.
Consistent training and awareness in combination
with proper tools and equipment will achieve more
permanent water savings.
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10 Steps of Water Efficiency
Planning
Modify
Demand
Forecasts
Rank, Select
& Package
Measures
Perform
Cost/Benefit
Analysis
Identify
Feasible
Measures
Define
Efficiency
Potential
Evaluate
Existing
Measures
Develop
Water
System
Profile
Review
Demand
Forecasts
Develop
a Workplan
& Budget
Combined
Estimated
Savings
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Water Efficiency
Approach
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Water Efficiency Approach
Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)
Water Recycling
Water Efficient Irrigation
Water Efficient Fittings
Metering and Leak Detection System
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Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)
The two (2) main approaches to RWH are
i) collection of runoff rainwater from surrounding site and
ii) collection of rainwater from roof top.
Both systems require separate water storage tanks and additional
pressure boosting equipment may be required.
Gravity fed system is encouraged to avoid additional energy use for
pumping.
Use rainwater for non-potable applications such as toilets and urinal
flushing, landscape irrigation, washing clothes etc.
Water purifying system may be necessary depending on the
application and methodology of harvesting the rainwater.
Where rainwater filtration/purification is required, use of ozone or
activated oxygen in lieu of chlorine or other GHG chemicals, is
preferred to obviate negative environmental impact.
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RWH in Malaysia Awareness &
Potential
Malaysia is endowed with far more rainfall than our water
demand when compared with other countries.
RWH could be an effective tool for helping to reduce the
use of treated water and provides a convenient buffer in
times of emergency or a shortfall in the public water
supply.
Malaysia received 990 billion cubic metre of rainwater
annually.
Surface runoff water account for 566bcu.m evaporates
and 64bcu.m end up as ground water
(Assoc Prof Ar Zuhairuse Md Darus)
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Malaysia Rainfall Amount May
2009
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The Background
In March 2006, PM chaired and launched The National
Water Resources Council with the two main agenda on
Rainwater and Groundwater.
For RWH, it was intended to formulate by-laws
nationwide to make it compulsory for bungalows,
factories and schools/institutions to install RWH system
After 1998 drought, a study of alternative source of water
supply was being carried out.
1999, a Guideline for installing a RWH policy in Malaysia
was introduced which aimed to reduce dependence on
treated water.
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Rainwater Harvesting Policy
2004 NAHRIM (National Hydraulic Research Institute of
Malaysia) was established to conduct research on water
hydraulic and water environment.
Done 3 pilot projects government office, mosque and a
residential house.
Also designing and installing RWH system for several
school.
August 2006, Town Country Planning and Development
formulated the National Urbanization Policy (NUP) which
stress that:
Cities need to improve water management efficiency.
Use alternative sources and non conventional RWH.
Water recycling.
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Quality of Rainwater
The first rainfall may contain higher than average
amounts of accumulated dust, industrial pollutants,
bird and animal droppings, leaves and other
debris. It is recommended that, to prevent the risk
of potential contaminants adversely affecting
rainwater quality and human health, the following
measures be implemented:
Screened downpipe rainwater head of other suitable
leaf and debris device to be install on each downpipe.
To improve rainwater quality, a minimum of 20 litres
per 100 sqm of the first flush of the roof catchment
needs to be diverted/discarded before entering the
rainwater tank.
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Rainwater Harvesting System
Developers can build rainwater
collection systems to collect
rainwater in their premises.
This applies to premises
located within water
catchments as well as those
outside water catchments.
Waterborne fees may be
charged as the used rainwater
that is discharged into sewers
will require proper treatment
and disposal. Computation of
waterborne fees is based on
tank size and expected usage.
Collecting rainwater
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Rainwater Collection Calculation
Rainfall Data from Malaysian Meteorological Dept. Local Rainfall
Stations and responsible regulatory authorities (Refer Table 1).
Catchments size square metres of the specific roof catchment
area discharging to storage tank.
Pre-treatment - devices (first flush) that divert rainwater away
from storage tank.
Coefficient runoff percentage from catchment area (Refer Table
2).
Formula :
Max
amount
of rainfall
collected
(lit/year)
=
Annual
Rainfall
(mm/yr)

*
Catchment
Area
(m2)

*
Runoff
Coefficient
*
Percentage
Diverted
(%)
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NEGERI Jan Feb Mac Apr Mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dis Annual Stat
Johor 251.3 104.5 259.0 292.5 251.1 166.9 187.1 238.2 277.1 294.5 250.8 182.3 2755.3 Med
Kedah 16.7 22.4 133.7 219.7 174.2 110.8 204.7 202.7 315.4 373.3 233.4 60.5 2067.5 Med
Kelantan 81.5 21.6 72.6 98.9 178.1 113.1 188.7 185.3 353.7 244.6 707.7 414.3 2660.1 Med
Kuala Lumpur 169.0 184.0 0.0 294.4 0.0 151.3 96.5 172.7 268.8 294.0 198.4 151.3 1980.4 Med
Melaka 89.3 99.9 259.1 309.3 196.0 127.9 134.6 135.2 221.5 238.7 247.5 104.5 2163.5 Med
Negeri Sembilan 70.1 80.4 145.6 173.5 156.3 61.9 91.3 107.1 180.0 189.2 179.3 82.6 1517.3 Med
Pahang 333.6 61.7 230.5 169.7 213.0 146.8 146.1 161.0 257.1 244.7 465.0 481.1 2910.3 Med
Perak 120.8 90.6 113.0 159.8 174.0 74.4 102.6 103.0 226.6 270.4 189.6 94.8 1719.6 Med
Pulau Pinang 31.3 86.1 186.9 316.0 272.5 196.3 238.3 273.9 335.2 252.0 302.8 62.1 2553.4 Med
Perlis 13.1 28.2 104.3 203.2 193.1 157.1 260.4 273.5 353.1 246.4 186.4 49.0 2067.8 Med
Selangor 179.0 154.6 225.4 310.2 158.5 141.7 93.5 175.8 249.8 294.8 259.9 252.4 2495.6 Med
Sabah 158.6 142.3 100.9 179.9 304.2 254.9 254.2 376.5 374.6 396.2 477.4 181.1 3200.8 Med
Sarawak 490.0 94.5 200.5 192.0 251.5 85.0 111.5 161.0 89.5 463.0 307.0 631.0 3076.5 Med
Terengganu 89.7 21.6 96.6 115.4 103.2 92.8 82.0 104.6 202.7 241.0 846.5 357.4 2353.5 Med
Table 1 Rainfall Data for Cities in
Malaysia
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Table 2 Runoff Coefficient for
Differen Roof Types
Roof Type Runoff Coefficient
Pitched Tile Roof
0.9
Steel Roof
0.8
Flat Smooth Roof
0.5
Flat Gravel or Turf Roof
0.4
Asphalt/Smooth/Dense Pavement
0.9
Block Pavement (Wide Joints)
0.7
Gravel Roadway
0.3
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Diversion Factor for First Flush
Water Diverter
Minimal Pollution divert 0.5 litre/m2
(Open field, no trees, no bird droppings, clean
environment)

Substantial Pollution divert 2 litres/m2
(Leaves and debris, bird droppings, various
animal matter, dead insects and skinks etc.)
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Example : Calc of RWH Collection -
Selangor
15m
12m
6m
4m
9m
8m
DP-C
DP-B
DP-D
DP-A
HP
HP
HP
HP
LEGEND
Vertical Downpipe =
High Point = HP
Downpipe = DP
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Using Tangki NAHRIM Software
This software was developed for the RWH projects.
The main purpose of this software is for predicting the size
of the rainwater tank to be used for a RWH system.
This software can generate the amount of rainwater
captured, total rainwater volume delivered, reliability of the
system (= delivered volume / demand volume), coefficient
of rainwater utilization, storage efficiency, percentage time
of tank empty.
Twenty years of rainfall data for different cities/towns
throughout Malaysia are available in this software.
This software is meant to be a guide in estimating the size
of the rainwater tank with its respective reliability.
http://www.nahrim.gov.my/my/perisian-tangki-nahrim

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Water Recycling
Water treatment systems and re-use technology options
are acceptable for treating grey water and black water.
The treated water is then recycled for use in irrigation,
toilet flushing etc. Sand filters can be a cost effective
treatment technique.

POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES & STRATEGIES
Consider channeling grey water from sinks, showers and
other sources to wastewater treatment plant.
Options for on-site wastewater treatment include
packaged biological nutrient removal systems and high
efficiency filtration systems.
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Water Recycling
Recycling of Wastewater:
Grey Water
Black Water
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Types of Water Recycling
Treated & Untreated Greywater
Parameter Treated Greywater Untreated Greywater
Source Bath, Shower, Basin,
Laundry, Urinal and Kitchen
Bath, Basin, Shower and
Laundry
General Use Garden Irrigation, Laundry
Washing (cold water), Toilet
Flushing and Vehicle Washing
Direct sub-surface garden
irrigation or surface application
(usually through manual
bucketing)
Storage Storage of treated greywater
is allowed stored water
quality may need to be
monitored on an ongoing
basis
Storage Greywater system to
be emptied every 24 hours or
less depending on regulations
Approval &
Quality
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General Overview
Greywater generated by building occupants can
be recycled to provide a reliable source of water
for activities that do not require drinking water
quality (eg irrigation, toilet flushing and general
washing).
Product approval certification, signage and
labelling or colouring of taps/pipes to indicate
water is recycled and not suitable for drinking.
Greywater is collected, stored and treated to the
standard specified by Local Authority.
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Table 3 Volume of Wastewater Generated Per
Person in Malaysia (Usage Pattern in Selangor SWAn)
Wastewater Source
(Residential)
Volume Used
l/p/d l/p/y
Greywater (Untreated)
Shower 65 23,725
Basin 40 14,600
Cooking & Drinking 10 3,650
Washing Machine 45 16,425
Leaks 5 1,825
Total Greywater 165 60,225
Blackwater (Treated)
Toilet (WC) 65 23,725
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Calculation of Greywater Demand
and Availability
Assume potable water
calculations for sewage
conveyance for a office
building with a capacity of 300
occupants.
The calculations are based on
a typical 8 hours workday.
Take as 50% Male & 50%
Female.
Male occupants are assumed
to use WC once and urinals
twice.
Female occupants are
assumed to use WC three
times.
Table 4 Sample Fixture
Types and Capacity
Fixtures Types Litres
Conventional WC 6
Low-Flow WC 4
Composting Toilet 0
Conventional Urinal 6
Low-Flow Urinal 3
Waterless Urinal 0.02
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Table 5 Baseline Case
Fixture Type Daily Uses Flowrate (l) Occupants Sewage Generation (l)
WC (Male) 1 6 150 900
WC (Female) 3 6 150 2700
Urinals 2 6 150 1800
Total Daily Volume (l) 5400
Table 6 Design Case
Fixture Type Daily Uses Flowrate (l) Occupants Sewage Generation (l)
WC (Male) 1 6 150 900
Low-Flow WC 3 4 150 1872
Urinal-Flush 2 3 150 900
W/less Urinal 2 0.02 150 0
Total Daily Volume (l) 3672
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Volume of Water Storage Capacity Per
Person for Office Building (SYABAS Guidelines)
800 litres per 100 sq.m (GFA)
The actual percentage of savings from
recycled water shall be compared against
the total water storage capacity required
by local water authority.
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Water Efficient Irrigation
Design a water-efficient landscape by selecting
native or adaptive plants that require minimal water.
Reduce or eliminate use of potable water for
landscape irrigation system.

POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES & STRATEGIES
Perform soil / climate analysis to determine
appropriate plant material and design the landscape
with native or adaptive plants to reduce or eliminate
irrigation requirements. Where irrigation is required,
use high efficiency equipment and/or climate based
controllers.
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Water Efficient
Irrigation/Landscaping
Encourage the design of systems that do not
require the use of potable water supply from
local water authority.
Reduce potable water consumption for
landscaping irrigation by 50% (e.g. through
use of native or adaptive plants to reduce or
eliminate irrigation requirement), OR
Not use potable water at all for landscape
irrigation.
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WATER EFFICIENT PLANTS
Where applicable, use
drought resistant plants
or plants that fit
naturally into the
existing climatic
conditions including
rainfall and temperature
pattern and require little
irrigation.
Draught resistant plants
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WATER EFFICIENT PLANTS
The amount of turf area
should be limited as most
turf grasses need a lot of
water and require continual
upkeep. Group plants by
their water needs such as
plants that need high,
moderate or little to no
irrigation rather than by
appearance or functions.

Limit turf area
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WATER EFFICIENT IRRIGATION
SYSTEM
Irrigation system should be zoned so that plants with different types
of water needs are irrigated separately. For example, turf grass
should be watered separately from shrubs and flowers. Trees and
shrubs that require little irrigation may only require water during
prolonged periods of dry season when they show signs of stress.
For these plants, hand watering may be all that is required.
Water efficient irrigation system such as drip irrigation system
should be used. Drip irrigation applies water slowly and directly to
the roots of plants through small flexible pipes and flow control
devices (called emitters). Since water is applied directly to the root,
evaporation and runoff is minimized. The irrigation system using
potable water is only permitted for system to be turned on manually
and turned off automatically.
Automatic controller should be used to turn the irrigation system off
and to control the water flow through the various zones according to
a pre-set schedule. Rain sensors should be incorporated to
automatically turn off irrigation system during raining days.
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Water Efficient Irrigation System
Rain
Sensor
Turn off irrigation
system
This project uses drip irrigation that
was activated based on time
schedule regardless of the weather.
By simply incorporating rain sensor to
shut the irrigation system off during
raining days, savings of 35% of water
a year were achieved.
Rain sensor to shut the irrigation system Drip irrigation system
Drip irrigation uses 30% to 50% less
water than sprinkler irrigation
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Calculation of Water Use for
Landscaping
Landscape Coefficient (KL) = Species Factor x Density Factor x Microclimate Factor
(Equation 1)
Project Specific Evaportranspiration Rate (ETL) = Evaportranspiration Rate (ETo) x KL
(Equation 2)
Design Case TWA (gal) = [Area (sf) x ETL/IE] x Controller Eff (CE) x 0.6233 gal/sf/in
(Equation 3)
Design Case Total Potable Water (TPWA) (gal) = TWA (gal) x Reuse Water (gal)
(Equation 4)
Baseline Case TWA (gal) = Area (sf) x ETL/IE x 0.6233 gal/sf/in
(Equation 5)
Reduction of Potable Water (%) = (1 Design TPWA/Baseline TWA)/100
(Equation 6)
Reduction of Total Water (%) = (1 Design TWA/Baseline TWA) x 100
(Equation 7)
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Example : Calculation of Water
Efficient Landscaping
An office building with site area of 6000 sqft. The site consists of ground, mixed
vegetation and turf grass. The whole site is irrigated with a combination of
potable water and greywater harvested from the building.
Table 8 Landscape Factors
Vegetation
Type
Species Factor (Ks) Density Factor (Kd) Microclimate Factor (Kmc)
Low Avg High Low Avg High Low Avg High
Trees 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.5 1.0 1.3 0.5 1.0 1.4
Shrubs 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.3
Ground Cover 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.2
Turfgrass 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.2
Table 7 Irrigation Types
Irrigation Type IE
Sprinkler 0.625
Drip 0.9
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Table 9 Design Case
Landscape
Type
Area
(sqf)
Species
Factor
(Ks)
Density
Factor
(Kd)
Micro
climate
Factor
(Kmc)
KL ETL IE
TPWA
(gal)
Shrubs 1200 Low 0.2 Avg 1.0 High 1.3 0.3 2.11 Drip 2,815
Mixed 3900 Low 0.2 Avg 1.1 High 1.4 0.3 2.50 Drip 10,837
Turfgrass 900 Avg 0.7 Avg 1.0 High 1.2 0.8 6.82 Sprinkler 9,822
Total Plant Water Applied (gal) 23,474
Table 10 Baseline Case
Landscape
Type
Area
(sqf)
Species
Factor
(Ks)
Density
Factor
(Kd)
Micro
climate
Factor
(Kmc)
KL ETL IE
TPWA
(gal)
Shrubs 1200 Avg 0.5 Avg 1.0 High 1.3 0.7 5.28 Sprinkler 10,134
Turfgrass 4800 Avg 0.7 Avg 1.0 High 1.2 0.8 6.82 Sprinkler 52,384
Total Plant Water Applied (gal) 62,518
Therefore, comparison of the baseline to the designed building indicates a 62% reduction in irrigation
water volume used for landscape.
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Water Efficient Fittings
The use of water efficient water closets, wash
hand basins or shower heads or systems
which has the potential to reduce potable
water consumption in the building.
Specify the use of automatic self-closing
faucets, electronic or otherwise, to eliminate
wastage through faucets left running
unnecessarily.
Specify the use of modified waterless urinals.
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Water Efficient Labelled Fittings
FITTINGS GOOD RATING
VERY GOOD
RATING
EXCELLENT
RATING
Shower Taps, Mixers &
Showerheads (L/min)
>7 to 9 >5 to 7 5 or less
Basin Taps & Mixers
(L/min)
>4 to 6 >2 to 4 2 or less
Sink/Bib Taps (L/min) >6 to 8 >4 to 6 4 or less
Flushing Cisterns Dual
Flush Type (L/flush)
>4.0 - 4.5 (full flush)
> 2.5 -3.0 (low flush)
>3.5 to 4.0 (full flush)
> 2.5 3.0 (low flush)
3.5 or less
(1)
(full flush)
2.5 or less (low flush)
Urinals & Urinal Flush
Valve
(L/flush)
> 1.0 to 1.5 > 0.5 to 1.0
0.5 or less
(2)
Or
waterless urinals
(1) To pass laboratory simulation test on waste transportation efficiency in pipe. Source: PUB
(2) To pass dilution test.
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WATER EFFICIENT FLUSHING
SYSTEM
Dual Flush LCFCs
Urinal Flush valve 0.5 litres
flush volume
Dual flush low capacity flushing cisterns should be used. Each flushing should
use 4.5 litres or less of water for a full flush and less than 3 litres for a half
flush.
Urinal flush valves that use not more than 0.5 litres of water per flush should be
used. This is the recommended flush volume for standard size urinal of 300mm
width.
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WATER EFFICIENT FIXTURES
A study (PUB) found that a flow rate of 2 litres/min at the
wash basin taps in staff and public toilets is sufficient for
normal washing purpose. The lower flow rate will help to
reduce water consumption and save on the water bills.
Sensor taps with a flow rate of 2 litres/min can also be
installed. These taps should also cut off water supply
when the hands are removed from under the tap, or
when the preset timing of 30 or 60 seconds is reached,
whichever is earlier.
Self-closing taps also help to prevent running tap after
use. A combination of regulators and self-closing taps
can achieve significant savings.
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Examples of Water Efficient
Fixtures
Install self-closing delayed action
taps (timing of between 2 and 3
secs) at all wash basins. The flow
rate should be 2 litres/min.
Install self-closing delayed action
shower tap (timing not exceeding 15
secs) at all showers. The flow rate
should not exceed 7 litres/min
(except for hotels).
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WATER EFFICIENCY LABELS


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Install constant flow regulators and
adjust flow rate to less than 6
litres/min for all bib taps and sink/
kitchen taps.
Flow rate can be reduced by simple
method such as fixing thimbles or
constant flow regulators
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Metering and Leak Detection
System
Specify the provisions of sub-meters for major
water consuming systems/equipment.
Incorporate EMS monitoring system of sub-
meters.

POTENTIAL TECHNOLOGIES & STRATEGIES
To incorporate provisions of analogue or digital
flow water sub-meters.
Incorporation of EMS monitoring will enable
early detection of water leakage and contain
water wastage.
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METERING & ACCOUNTING
Sub-meters BMS display
Sub-meters should be installed on all major water systems, such as cooling
tower, irrigation, hot water devices, etc. The readings taken can help to give a
better picture of water consumption in buildings and allow building owners
know how much water is consumed by the major water equipment. By
monitoring water usage, water saving opportunities can be identified. The main
and sub-meters should be linked to a building management system (BMS). By
linking the reading to BMS, water usage trends can be recorded. An alarm
could also be activated if there is a sudden increase in water consumption or a
new trend in water consumption as this will indicate the possibility of a water
leakage.
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COOLING TOWER WATER
CONSUMPTION
Condensate water from
AHUs or FCUs could also
be used for cooling tower
make-up water. Using
condensate water from air
side to top up cooling tower
water not only lowers its
water temperature to raise
chiller efficiency, it also
helps to reduce the amount
of make-up water needed.
Collecting condensate water from AHU
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BETTER CYCLES OF
CONCENTRATION
Cooling tower water treatment should be designed to
achieve 6 or better cycles of concentration for water
based cooling system. With the quality of water supplied
by PUB or NEWater, cycles of concentration of 6 or
higher are achievable.
Higher concentration cycles reduce make-up and blow-
down water requirements and hence reduce the cost of
operation.
The optimum concentration cycle should be decided in
consultation with the water treatment service provider.
The potential for scale, corrosion, deposition and
biological fouling problems should also be considered.
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EFFICIENT DRIFT ELIMINATORS
Efficient drift eliminator
should be used. It
should restrict the drift
loss to less than 0.02%
of cooling tower
recirculating water. The
drift eliminators control
unnecessary loss of
water and help reduce
the nuisance of water
spraying near the tower.
Rahmat Muslim 2010
17/09/2014 BFC 3153 57
The End